How to format your references using the Harm Reduction Journal citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Harm Reduction Journal. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Whiten A. The second inheritance system of chimpanzees and humans. Nature. 2005;437:52–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Holmes KV, Enjuanes L. Virology. The SARS coronavirus: a postgenomic era. Science. 2003;300:1377–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Wisse BE, Kim F, Schwartz MW. Physiology. An integrative view of obesity. Science. 2007;318:928–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Dubois M, Demé B, Gulik-Krzywicki T, Dedieu JC, Vautrin C, Désert S, et al. Self-assembly of regular hollow icosahedra in salt-free catanionic solutions. Nature. 2001;411:672–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Thyagarajan KS. Still Image and Video Compression with MATLAB. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

1. Benhabib S, Kaul V, editors. Toward New Democratic Imaginaries - İstanbul Seminars on Islam, Culture and Politics. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Müller AW. The Concept of Person in Bioethics. In: Napier S, editor. Persons, Moral Worth, and Embryos: A Critical Analysis of Pro-Choice Arguments. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2011. p. 85–100.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Harm Reduction Journal.

Blog post

1. Hale T. Here’s Why You Should Be Sleeping Naked [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/here-s-why-you-should-be-sleeping-naked/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Department of Education Uncertain About Effectiveness of Its Special Services Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1982 Nov. Report No.: HRD-83-13.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Whitesides VJ. The Large Ensemble/European Classical Music Paradigm and African American-Originated Dance-Musicking: A Dispositival Analysis of U.S. Secondary Music Education [Doctoral dissertation]. [Washington, DC]: George Washington University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Kishkovsky S. The Czar Didn’t Sleep Here. New York Times. 2003 Jan 9;F1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Harm Reduction Journal
Abbreviation	Harm Reduct. J.
ISSN (online)	1477-7517
Scope	Medicine (miscellaneous) Psychiatry and Mental health Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health