How to format your references using the Harm Reduction Journal citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Harm Reduction Journal. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Kaplan K. Show us the money. Nature. 2009;457:624–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Zhou H, Dick HJB. Thin crust as evidence for depleted mantle supporting the Marion Rise. Nature. 2013;494:195–200.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Fukuda H, Murase H, Tokuda IT. Controlling circadian rhythms by dark-pulse perturbations in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1533.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Karol KG, McCourt RM, Cimino MT, Delwiche CF. The closest living relatives of land plants. Science. 2001;294:2351–3.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Frueh BC, Grubaugh AL, Elhai JD, Ford JD. Assessment and Treatment Planning for PTSD. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.

An edited book

1. Conneely O, Otto C, editors. Progestins and the Mammary Gland: From Basic Science to Clinical Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Harrison J. Theorem Proving for Verification (Invited Tutorial). In: Gupta A, Malik S, editors. Computer Aided Verification: 20th International Conference, CAV 2008 Princeton, NJ, USA, July 7-14, 2008 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008. p. 11–8.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Harm Reduction Journal.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Bird Presumed To Be Extinct Since 1940’s Spotted In Myanmar [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/bird-presumed-be-extinct-1940-s-spotted-myanmar/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority: Improved Planning of Future Rehabilitation Projects Could Prevent Limitations Identified with SafeTrack. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2017 Mar. Report No.: GAO-17-519T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Howard-Skipper J. Leadership that promotes teacher empowerment among urban middle school science teachers [Doctoral dissertation]. [Minneapolis, MN]: Capella University; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Grynbaum MM. The Incredible Shrinking White House Briefing. New York Times. 2017 Jun 23;A15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Harm Reduction Journal
Abbreviation	Harm Reduct. J.
ISSN (online)	1477-7517
Scope	Medicine (miscellaneous) Psychiatry and Mental health Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health