How to format your references using the Harm Reduction Journal citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Harm Reduction Journal. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Abbott A. Human Proteome Index launched. Nature. 2001;409:3.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Frey BJ, Dueck D. Clustering by passing messages between data points. Science. 2007;315:972–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Serganov A, Huang L, Patel DJ. Structural insights into amino acid binding and gene control by a lysine riboswitch. Nature. 2008;455:1263–7.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Moisan N, Malinowski G, Mauchain J, Hehn M, Vodungbo B, Lüning J, et al. Investigating the role of superdiffusive currents in laser induced demagnetization of ferromagnets with nanoscale magnetic domains. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4658.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Center for Chemical Process Safety. Guidelines for Process Safety in Outsourced Manufacturing Operations. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2000.

An edited book

1. Telò M, editor. State, Globalization and Multilateralism: The challenges of institutionalizing regionalism. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Lemert C. Slouching Toward Inequality. In: Machin A, Stehr N, editors. Understanding Inequality: Social Costs and Benefits. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden; 2016. p. 101–10.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Harm Reduction Journal.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Electric Spoon Zaps Taste Onto Your Tongue [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/electric-spoon-zaps-taste-your-tongue/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. [Comments on DOD Data Center Consolidation Plan]. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1994 May. Report No.: B-256497.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Allen EL. Teacher Evaluation and Student Achievement in Elementary Education [Doctoral dissertation]. [ St. Charles, MO]: Lindenwood University; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Wagner J. Kershaw Delivers His Best Playoff Performance, Leaving Cubs Flustered. New York Times. 2016 Oct 17;D2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Harm Reduction Journal
Abbreviation	Harm Reduct. J.
ISSN (online)	1477-7517
Scope	Medicine (miscellaneous) Psychiatry and Mental health Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health