How to format your references using the Harm Reduction Journal citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Harm Reduction Journal. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Klein CA. Cancer. The metastasis cascade. Science. 2008;321:1785–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. van Enk SJ, Kimble HJ. Comment on “Quantum state transfer between matter and light.” Science. 2005;309:1187; author reply 1187.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Mishra L, Derynck R, Mishra B. Transforming growth factor-beta signaling in stem cells and cancer. Science. 2005;310:68–71.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Eigenbrode JL, Summons RE, Steele A, Freissinet C, Millan M, Navarro-González R, et al. Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars. Science. 2018;360:1096–101.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Douglas J, Noy EA. Building Surveys and Reports. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.

An edited book

1. Stanković RS. From Boolean Logic to Switching Circuits and Automata: Towards Modern Information Technology. Astola J, editor. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Furneaux B. Task-Technology Fit Theory: A Survey and Synopsis of the Literature. In: Dwivedi YK, Wade MR, Schneberger SL, editors. Information Systems Theory: Explaining and Predicting Our Digital Society, Vol 1. New York, NY: Springer; 2012. p. 87–106.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Harm Reduction Journal.

Blog post

1. Luntz S. Population Of Humans Found To Have Adapted To Arsenic [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/population-found-adapted-arsenic/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Joint Strike Fighter: Restructuring Places Program on Firmer Footing, but Progress Is Still Lagging. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2011 May. Report No.: GAO-11-677T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Szurley JC. The use of edge detection techniques to analyze thoracoabdominal movement and infer breathing volume [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Greenhouse L. Justices Hear Arguments Over Whether Foreigners Have Reciprocal Rights in the U.S. New York Times. 2006 Mar 30;A19.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Harm Reduction Journal
Abbreviation	Harm Reduct. J.
ISSN (online)	1477-7517
Scope	Medicine (miscellaneous) Psychiatry and Mental health Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health