How to format your references using the Geotechnical and Geological Engineering citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Greally J (2008) Journal club. A biologist considers a link between jumping genes and immune-system enzymes. Nature 456:549

A journal article with 2 authors

Choi J-K, Bowles S (2007) The coevolution of parochial altruism and war. Science 318:636–640

A journal article with 3 authors

Bartels A, Heinecke D, Diddams SA (2009) 10-GHz self-referenced optical frequency comb. Science 326:681

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Zhang Z-M, Lu R, Wang P, et al (2018) Structural basis for DNMT3A-mediated de novo DNA methylation. Nature 554:387–391

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Noordenbos G (2013) Recovery from Eating Disorders. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Oxford

An edited book

Hutter K (2011) Physics of Lakes: Volume 2: Lakes as Oscillators. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Richter K-F, Winter S (2014) Computational Aspects: How Landmarks Can Be Observed, Stored, and Analysed. In: Winter S (ed) Landmarks: GIScience for Intelligent Services. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 137–173

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Geotechnical and Geological Engineering.

Blog post

Davis J (2017) Sherpas’ Bodies Are Simply More Efficient At Producing Energy At Altitude. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/sherpas-bodies-are-simply-more-efficient-at-producing-energy-at-altitude/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2014) Department of Homeland Security: Actions Needed to Strengthen Management of Research and Development. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bethany MP (2014) Business continuity planning: Identifying gaps, patterns and justifications. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

CHRISTOPHER KELLY; Christopher Kelly is a fellow in ancient history at Pembroke College, Cambridge (1990) Paganism Was Alive and Well. New York Times 743

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Greally 2008).
This sentence cites two references (Choi and Bowles 2007; Greally 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Choi and Bowles 2007)
Three or more authors: (Zhang et al. 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Geotechnical and Geological Engineering
Abbreviation	Geotech. Geol. Eng.
ISSN (print)	0960-3182
ISSN (online)	1573-1529
Scope	Soil Science Geology Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology Architecture