How to format your references using the Frontiers in Life Science citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Frontiers in Life Science. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Thompson JK. 2015. Quantum physics: Atomic doughnuts from single photons. Nature. 519(7544):420–422.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kneller EA, van Keken PE. 2007. Trench-parallel flow and seismic anisotropy in the Mariana and Andean subduction systems. Nature. 450(7173):1222–1225.

A journal article with 3 authors

Green MT, Dawson JH, Gray HB. 2004. Oxoiron(IV) in chloroperoxidase compound II is basic: implications for P450 chemistry. Science. 304(5677):1653–1656.

A journal article with 12 or more authors

Kreuer S, Hauschild A, Fink T, Baumbach JI, Maddula S, Volk T. 2014. Two different approaches for pharmacokinetic modeling of exhaled drug concentrations. Sci Rep. 4:5423.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bobrow J, Kohn E, Mondragon-Gilmore J, Eggenschwiler J. 2009. CliffsNotes® Praxis I®: PPST®. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing, Inc.

An edited book

Frank U. 2012. The Daschner Guide to In-Hospital Antibiotic Therapy. Tacconelli E, editor. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Dien NK, Hieu TT, Thinh TN. 2014. Memory-Based Multi-pattern Signature Scanning for ClamAV Antivirus. In: Dang TK, Wagner R, Neuhold E, Takizawa M, Küng J, Thoai N, editors. Future Data and Security Engineering: First International Conference, FDSE 2014, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, November 19-21, 2014, Proceedings. Cham: Springer International Publishing; p. 58–70.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Frontiers in Life Science.

Blog post

Hale T. 2016. What’s With All The Red Spots On The Olympic Athletes? IFLScience [Internet]. [accessed 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/whats-with-all-the-red-spots-on-the-olympic-athletes/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2013. Acquisition Workforce: DOT Lacks Data, Oversight, and Strategic Focus Needed to Address Significant Workforce Challenges. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Fresolone C. 2012. The pedagogical use of Gerald Near’s “Chantworks” [Doctoral dissertation]. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Barnes B, Cieply M. 2015. Gettys Again Made to Cope With Grief in Public Eye. New York Times.:A15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Thompson 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Kneller and van Keken 2007; Thompson 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Kneller and van Keken 2007)
Three or more authors: (Kreuer et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Frontiers in Life Science
Abbreviation	Front. Life Sci.
ISSN (print)	2155-3769
ISSN (online)	2155-3777
Scope	General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology General Neuroscience