How to format your references using the Frontiers in Extreme Microbiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Frontiers in Extreme Microbiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Knoepfler, P. (2011). My year as a stem-cell blogger. Nature 475, 425.

A journal article with 2 authors

Freed, A. M., and Bürgmann, R. (2004). Evidence of power-law flow in the Mojave desert mantle. Nature 430, 548–551.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ye, F., Burns, M. J., and Naughton, M. J. (2014). Structured metal thin film as an asymmetric color filter: the forward and reverse plasmonic halos. Sci. Rep. 4, 7267.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Gibbons, D. L., Vaney, M.-C., Roussel, A., Vigouroux, A., Reilly, B., Lepault, J., et al. (2004). Conformational change and protein-protein interactions of the fusion protein of Semliki Forest virus. Nature 427, 320–325.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

da Silva, L. S., Simões, R., and Gervásio, H. (2014). Design of Steel Structures. D-69451 Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH.

An edited book

Rapoport, A., and Zwick, R. eds. (2005). Experimental Business Research: Economic and Managerial Perspectives VOLUME II. Boston, MA: Springer US.

A chapter in an edited book

Bolla, K., Kovacs, T., and Fazekas, G. (2012). “Gathering of Fat Robots with Limited Visibility and without Global Navigation,” in Swarm and Evolutionary Computation: International Symposia, SIDE 2012 and EC 2012, Held in Conjunction with ICAISC 2012, Zakopane, Poland, April 29-May 3, 2012. Proceedings, eds. L. Rutkowski, M. Korytkowski, R. Scherer, R. Tadeusiewicz, L. A. Zadeh, and J. M. Zurada (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer), 30–38.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Frontiers in Extreme Microbiology.

Blog post

Andrews, R. (2017). Scientists Have Discovered A Secret Function Of Lungs. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1988). Pell Grants: Who Receives Them and What Would Larger Grants Cost? Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Nakano, Y. (2009). Characterization of copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase aggregates: Role of disulfide bonds and pathway for aggregation. Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh, M. W. (2010). Treasury Hid A.I.G. Loss, Report Says. New York Times, B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Knoepfler, 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Freed and Bürgmann, 2004; Knoepfler, 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Freed and Bürgmann, 2004)
Three or more authors: (Gibbons et al., 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	Frontiers in Extreme Microbiology
Abbreviation	Front. Microbiol.
ISSN (online)	1664-302X
Scope	Microbiology Microbiology (medical)