How to format your references using the Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Chu S. 2002. Cold atoms and quantum control. Nature 416: 206–10.

A journal article with 2 authors

Witt E and Ashworth A. 2002. Biomedicine. D-Day for BRCA2. Science 297: 534.

A journal article with 3 authors

Vielle-Calzada JP, Baskar R, and Grossniklaus U. 2000. Delayed activation of the paternal genome during seed development. Nature 404: 91–4.

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Mäder P, Fliessbach A, Dubois D, et al. 2002. Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science 296: 1694–7.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Makower T. 2014. Touching the City. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Anderluh G and Lakey J (Eds). 2010. Proteins Membrane Binding and Pore Formation. New York, NY: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Song L and Hu L. 2013. Differential Fault Attack on the PRINCE Block Cipher. In: Avoine G, Kara O (Eds). Lightweight Cryptography for Security and Privacy: Second International Workshop, LightSec 2013, Gebze, Turkey, May 6-7, 2013, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.

Blog post

Luntz S. 2014. Sleepless Mice Have Memory Protected. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/sleepless-mice-have-memory-protected/. Viewed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1975. Contractors’ Independent Research and Development. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Burugupalli RT. 2017. 2x1 Space-Time MIMO-OFDM Parallel Cancellation Scheme with Viterbi Decoding (Doctoral dissertation). Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Shpigel B. 2016. Fighting It Out in a Race for the Perfect Wheelchair. New York Times D2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Chu 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Chu 2002; Witt and Ashworth 2002).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Witt and Ashworth 2002)
Three or more authors: (Mäder et al. 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
Abbreviation	Front. Ecol. Environ.
ISSN (print)	1540-9295
ISSN (online)	1540-9309
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Ecology