How to format your references using the Freshwater Science citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Freshwater Science. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ruan, Y. 2011. Genome-sequencing anniversary. Presenting the human genome: now in 3D! Science (New York, N.Y.) 331:1025–1026.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hudson, K. L., and F. S. Collins. 2013. Biospecimen policy: Family matters. Nature 500:141–142.

A journal article with 3 authors

Luo, M., M. S. Fee, and L. C. Katz. 2003. Encoding pheromonal signals in the accessory olfactory bulb of behaving mice. Science (New York, N.Y.) 299:1196–1201.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Gottesman, M. M., S. R. Shmookler, S. B. Oppenheimer, and J. W. Dolce. 2000. Math and science education: training the teachers. Science (New York, N.Y.) 290:273b.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gilmore, R., and M. Lefranc. 2011. The Topology of Chaos. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany.

An edited book

Cordeiro, J., S. Hammoudi, L. Maciaszek, O. Camp, and J. Filipe (Eds.). 2015. Enterprise Information Systems: 16th International Conference, ICEIS 2014, Lisbon, Portugal, April 27-30, 2014, Revised Selected Papers. 1st ed. 2015. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Kim, S., J. Yoo, and M. Lee. 2012. Step-by-Step Strategies and Case Studies for Embedded Software Companies to Adapt to the FOSS Ecosystem. Pages 48–60 in I. Hammouda, B. Lundell, T. Mikkonen, and W. Scacchi (editors). Open Source Systems: Long-Term Sustainability: 8th IFIP WG 2.13 International Conference, OSS 2012, Hammamet, Tunisia, September 10-13, 2012. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Freshwater Science.

Blog post

Hale, T. 2016, October 11. New Claim Adds More Madness To The Bermuda Triangle Theories. IFLScience. IFLScience. (Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/new-claim-adds-more-madness-to-the-bermuda-triangle-theories/)

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1972. The Problems of Management Information Systems: Why They Fail. 091001, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Schloesser, K. 2010. Improving services for persons with developmental disabilities through the utilization of person-centered thinking: A grant-writing project. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly, C. 2013, April 21. An E.V. That Wraps Around a Wheelchair. New York Times AU2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Ruan 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Ruan 2011, Hudson and Collins 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Hudson and Collins 2013)
Three or more authors: (Gottesman et al. 2000)

About the journal

Full journal title	Freshwater Science
Abbreviation	Freshw. Sci.
ISSN (print)	2161-9549
ISSN (online)	2161-9565
Scope	Aquatic Science Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Ecology