How to format your references using the Freshwater Science citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Freshwater Science. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hilton, D. 2015. Donald Metcalf (1929-2014). Nature 517:554.

A journal article with 2 authors

Knesel, K. M., and J. P. Davidson. 2002. Insights into collisional magmatism from isotopic fingerprints of melting reactions. Science (New York, N.Y.) 296:2206–2208.

A journal article with 3 authors

Li, C.-Y. T., M.-M. Poo, and Y. Dan. 2009. Burst spiking of a single cortical neuron modifies global brain state. Science (New York, N.Y.) 324:643–646.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Zheng, J., Z.-C. Ye, N.-L. Sun, R. Zhang, Z.-M. Sheng, H.-P. D. Shieh, and J. Zhang. 2014. Highly anisotropic metasurface: a polarized beam splitter and hologram. Scientific reports 4:6491.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Poltorak, A. I., and P. J. Lerner. 2011. Essentials of Intellectual Property. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Shepard, R., R. M. Pitzer, and T. Dunning (Eds.). 2016. Isaiah Shavitt: A Memorial Festschrift from Theoretical Chemistry Accounts. 1st ed. 2016. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Renwick, R. 2016. Rarely Seen, Seldom Heard: People with Intellectual Disabilities in the Mass Media. Pages 61–75 in K. Scior and S. Werner (editors). Intellectual Disability and Stigma: Stepping Out from the Margins. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Freshwater Science.

Blog post

Fang, J. 2015, May 29. Mixing Marijuana With Alcohol Increases THC Concentrations in Your Blood. IFLScience. IFLScience. (Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/mixing-marijuana-alcohol-increases-thc-concentrations-your-blood/)

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2011. Aviation Security: TSA Is Taking Steps to Validate the Science Underlying Its Passenger Behavior Detection Program, but Efforts May Not Be Comprehensive. GAO-11-461T, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Peters, B. 2010. From Cybernetics to Cyber Networks: Norbert Wiener, the Soviet Internet, and the Cold War Dawn of Information Universalism. Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, New York, NY.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Billard, M. 2010, May 27. It’s Good to Have Best Sellers. New York Times E6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Hilton 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Knesel and Davidson 2002, Hilton 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Knesel and Davidson 2002)
Three or more authors: (Zheng et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Freshwater Science
Abbreviation	Freshw. Sci.
ISSN (print)	2161-9549
ISSN (online)	2161-9565
Scope	Aquatic Science Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Ecology