How to format your references using the Freshwater Science citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Freshwater Science (FWS). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Jablonski, D. 2004. Extinction: past and present. Nature 427:589.

A journal article with 2 authors

Palfrey, J., and J. Zittrain. 2011. Information science. Better data for a better Internet. Science (New York, N.Y.) 334:1210–1211.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lee, J. B., C. Park, and Seoul National University Investigation Committee. 2006. Molecular genetics: verification that Snuppy is a clone. Nature 440:E2-3.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Gaal, P., W. Kuehn, K. Reimann, M. Woerner, T. Elsaesser, and R. Hey. 2007. Internal motions of a quasiparticle governing its ultrafast nonlinear response. Nature 450:1210–1213.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gray, R. 2011. A History of American Literature. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Salmon, P. (Ed.). 2011. Categories and Commutative Algebra. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Fleurke, S. R., and A. C. D. van Enter. 2014. Analytical Results for a Small Multiple-Layer Parking System. Pages 43–53 in N. Mastorakis and V. Mladenov (editors). Computational Problems in Engineering. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Freshwater Science.

Blog post

Andrew, E. 2016, May 28. What Does It Mean For Researchers, Journalists And The Public When Secrecy Surrounds Science? IFLScience. IFLScience. (Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/what-does-it-mean-researchers-journalists-and-public-when-secrecy-surrounds-science/)

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2008. Digital Television Transition: Majority of Broadcasters Are Prepared for the DTV Transition, but Some Technical and Coordination Issues Remain. GAO-08-510, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Munn, J. E. 2017. Information Technology Certification Training Implementation: Exploratory Case Study of Air Force and Civilian Leaders Experiences. Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly, R. W. 2007, June 16. Washington’s Secret Gun Files. New York Times A13.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Jablonski 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Jablonski 2004, Palfrey and Zittrain 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Palfrey and Zittrain 2011)
Three or more authors: (Gaal et al. 2007)

About the journal

Full journal title	Freshwater Science
Abbreviation	Freshw. Sci.
ISSN (print)	2161-9549
ISSN (online)	2161-9565
Scope	Aquatic Science Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Ecology