How to format your references using the Forests, Trees and Livelihoods citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Forests, Trees and Livelihoods. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Werner R. 2015. The focus on bibliometrics makes papers less useful. Nature. 517(7534):245.

A journal article with 2 authors

Brunet J, Liston A. 2001. Polyploidy and gender dimorphism. Science. 291(5508):1441.

A journal article with 3 authors

Basole A, White LE, Fitzpatrick D. 2003. Mapping multiple features in the population response of visual cortex. Nature. 423(6943):986–990.

A journal article with 12 or more authors

Kondo M, Scherer DC, Miyamoto T, King AG, Akashi K, Sugamura K, Weissman IL. 2000. Cell-fate conversion of lymphoid-committed progenitors by instructive actions of cytokines. Nature. 407(6802):383–386.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Berthold HJ, Binnewies M. 2005. Chemisches Grundpraktikum. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Ho Y-S, Kim H-J, editors. 2005. Advances in Multimedia Information Processing - PCM 2005: 6th Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia, Jeju Island, Korea, November 13-16, 2005, Proceedings, Part II. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Sierksma G, Ghosh D. 2010. Minimum Spanning Trees. In: Ghosh D, editor. Networks in Action: Text and Computer Exercises in Network Optimization. Boston, MA: Springer US; p. 37–60.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Forests, Trees and Livelihoods.

Blog post

Luntz S. 2014. Changing States? It’s Complicated. IFLScience [Internet]. [accessed 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/physics/changing-states-its-complicated/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2011. Federal Bureau of Investigation: Actions Taken to Address Most Procurement Recommendations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sheah J. 2015. Reading Dreams: Representation of Dreams Through Artists’ Books [Doctoral dissertation]. Washington, DC: George Washington University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Koblin J. 2017. CBS Wrongly Reports Singer’s Death. New York Times.:B3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Werner 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Brunet and Liston 2001; Werner 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Brunet and Liston 2001)
Three or more authors: (Kondo et al. 2000)

About the journal

Full journal title	Forests, Trees and Livelihoods
Abbreviation	For. Trees Livelihoods
ISSN (print)	1472-8028
ISSN (online)	2164-3075
Scope	Forestry