How to format your references using the Forests, Trees and Livelihoods citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Forests, Trees and Livelihoods. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Firestein S. 2001. How the olfactory system makes sense of scents. Nature. 413(6852):211–218.

A journal article with 2 authors

Beatson SA, Walker MJ. 2014. Microbiology. Tracking antibiotic resistance. Science. 345(6203):1454–1455.

A journal article with 3 authors

Smith CE, Llorente B, Symington LS. 2007. Template switching during break-induced replication. Nature. 447(7140):102–105.

A journal article with 12 or more authors

Marra G, Clivati C, Luckett R, Tampellini A, Kronjäger J, Wright L, Mura A, Levi F, Robinson S, Xuereb A, et al. 2018. Ultrastable laser interferometry for earthquake detection with terrestrial and submarine cables. Science. 361(6401):486–490.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Tms. 2011. Engineering Solutions for Sustainability. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Wang W-Y, editor. 2014. Codification in International Perspective: Selected Papers from the 2nd IACL Thematic Conference. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Baranzini M, Mirante A. 2016. The Celebration of Oxbridge Scientists by Italian Economists and Institutions. In: Mirante A, editor. A Compendium of Italian Economists at Oxbridge: Contributions to the Evolution of Economic Thinking. Cham: Springer International Publishing; p. 193–199.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Forests, Trees and Livelihoods.

Blog post

Andrews R. 2016. The US Will Lose $2 Trillion By 2030 Thanks To Man-Made Climate Change. IFLScience [Internet]. [accessed 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/us-lose-2-trillion-2030-thanks-man-made-climate-change/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1988. Engineering Research Centers: NSF Program Management and Industry Sponsorship. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Brister MH. 2008. Attitudes of agriscience teachers, counselors, administrators, and students toward selected agriscience programs in Mississippi [Doctoral dissertation]. Mississippi State, MS: Mississippi State University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Poniewozik J. 2017. The Rise of Surreality TV. New York Times.:C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Firestein 2001).
This sentence cites two references (Firestein 2001; Beatson and Walker 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Beatson and Walker 2014)
Three or more authors: (Marra et al. 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Forests, Trees and Livelihoods
Abbreviation	For. Trees Livelihoods
ISSN (print)	1472-8028
ISSN (online)	2164-3075
Scope	Forestry