How to format your references using the Forest Ecology and Management citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Forest Ecology and Management. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Whitelegge, J., 2011. Structural biology. Up close with membrane lipid-protein complexes. Science 334, 320–321.

A journal article with 2 authors

Muerdter, F., Stark, A., 2014. Genomics: Hiding in plain sight. Nature 512, 374–375.

A journal article with 3 authors

Walden, H., Podgorski, M.S., Schulman, B.A., 2003. Insights into the ubiquitin transfer cascade from the structure of the activating enzyme for NEDD8. Nature 422, 330–334.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Gómez Cano, A.R., Cantalapiedra, J.L., Álvarez-Sierra, M.Á., Hernández Fernández, M., 2014. A macroecological glance at the structure of late Miocene rodent assemblages from Southwest Europe. Sci. Rep. 4, 6557.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ancheyta, J., 2011. Modeling and Simulation of Catalytic Reactors for Petroleum Refining. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Badve, S., Gökmen-Polar, Y. (Eds.), 2016. Molecular Pathology of Breast Cancer. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Breuer, F., Pink, R., 2005. Monodromy Groups Associated to Non-Isotrivial Drinfeld Modules in Generic Characteristic, in: Geer, G. van der, Moonen, B., Schoof, R. (Eds.), Number Fields and Function Fields—Two Parallel Worlds. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA, pp. 61–69.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Forest Ecology and Management.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2015. How Ready For Climate Change Is Your Town Or City? [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/environment/how-ready-climate-change-your-town-or-city/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1989. Air Traffic Control: FAA’s Interim Actions to Reduce Near Mid-Air Collisions (No. RCED-89-149). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lyzlov, A., 2017. In Vivo Efficacy of Lanthanum Carbonate on Intestinal Phosphorus Absorption in Stage Five Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Protess, B., Silver-Greenberg, J., Drucker, J., 2017. Regulators Review German Bank At the Center of Trump’s Finances. New York Times A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Whitelegge, 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Muerdter and Stark, 2014; Whitelegge, 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Muerdter and Stark, 2014)
Three or more authors: (Gómez Cano et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Forest Ecology and Management
Abbreviation	For. Ecol. Manage.
ISSN (print)	0378-1127
Scope	Forestry Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law Nature and Landscape Conservation