How to format your references using the Forest Ecology and Management citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Forest Ecology and Management. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Knowles, J., 2003. Chemistry. Seeing is believing. Science 299, 2002–2003.

A journal article with 2 authors

Matsumoto, M., Hikosaka, O., 2007. Lateral habenula as a source of negative reward signals in dopamine neurons. Nature 447, 1111–1115.

A journal article with 3 authors

Nadler, J.W., Angelaki, D.E., DeAngelis, G.C., 2008. A neural representation of depth from motion parallax in macaque visual cortex. Nature 452, 642–645.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Hu, K., Ji, L., Applegate, K.T., Danuser, G., Waterman-Storer, C.M., 2007. Differential transmission of actin motion within focal adhesions. Science 315, 111–115.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lalanne, C., 2014. Mechanical Shock. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Christensen, G.E., Sonka, M. (Eds.), 2005. Information Processing in Medical Imaging: 19th International Conference, IPMI 2005, Glenwood Springs, CO, USA, July 10-15, 2005. Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Nygreen, B., Haugen, K., 2010. Applied Mathematical Programming in Norwegian Petroleum Field and Pipeline Development: Some Highlights from the Last 30 Years, in: Bjørndal, E., Bjørndal, M., Pardalos, P.M., Rönnqvist, M. (Eds.), Energy, Natural Resources and Environmental Economics, Energy Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 59–69.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Forest Ecology and Management.

Blog post

Taub, B., 2016. A Spider Has Been Seen Eating A Crayfish For The First Time [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/spider-seen-eating-crayfish-first-time/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2002. Marine Transportation: Federal Financing and a Framework for Infrastructure Investments (No. GAO-02-1033). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Casco, D., 2014. Consonance: An inter play of music and design to evoke curiosity and awareness of our musical identity (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow, L., 2007. Property Damage but No Injuries in Tornado. New York Times LI2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Knowles, 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Knowles, 2003; Matsumoto and Hikosaka, 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Matsumoto and Hikosaka, 2007)
Three or more authors: (Hu et al., 2007)

About the journal

Full journal title	Forest Ecology and Management
Abbreviation	For. Ecol. Manage.
ISSN (print)	0378-1127
Scope	Forestry Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law Nature and Landscape Conservation