How to format your references using the Extremophiles citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Extremophiles. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Rummel JD (2000) Survival on the edge: the tube worm’s strategy. Nature 407:671

A journal article with 2 authors

Malone JH, Michalak P (2008) Physiological sex predicts hybrid sterility regardless of genotype. Science 319:59

A journal article with 3 authors

Zarrinpar A, Park S-H, Lim WA (2003) Optimization of specificity in a cellular protein interaction network by negative selection. Nature 426:676–680

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Beebe DJ, Moore JS, Bauer JM, et al (2000) Functional hydrogel structures for autonomous flow control inside microfluidic channels. Nature 404:588–590

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Karmakar NC, Kalansuriya P, Azim RE, Koswatta R (2016) Chipless Radio Frequency Identification Reader Signal Processing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Heineman GT, Kofron J, Plasil F (eds) (2010) Research into Practice – Reality and Gaps: 6th International Conference on the Quality of Software Architectures, QoSA 2010, Prague, Czech Republic, June 23 - 25, 2010. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Paulino H, Martins JA, Lourenço J, Duro N (2010) SmART: An Application Reconfiguration Framework. In: Aiguier M, Bretaudeau F, Krob D (eds) Complex Systems Design & Management: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Complex System Design & Management CSDM 2010. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 73–84

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Extremophiles.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) DARPA Wants to Genetically Engineer Organisms to Terraform Mars. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/darpa-wants-terraform-mars/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2008) Aviation Safety: FAA Has Taken Steps to Determine That It Has Made Correct Medical Certification Decisions. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lansdon J (2010) A policy analysis of California’s three strikes law of 1994. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner J (2016) Against All Odds, Mets Overcome a Season of Adversity and Clinch a Playoff Berth. New York Times SP11

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Rummel 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Rummel 2000; Malone and Michalak 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Malone and Michalak 2008)
Three or more authors: (Beebe et al. 2000)

About the journal

Full journal title	Extremophiles
Abbreviation	Extremophiles
ISSN (print)	1431-0651
ISSN (online)	1433-4909
Scope	Molecular Medicine Microbiology General Medicine