How to format your references using the Extremophiles citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Extremophiles. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Carlson EW (2015) Condensed-matter physics: Charge topology in superconductors. Nature 525:329–330

A journal article with 2 authors

Bastow R, Dean C (2003) Plant sciences. Deciding when to flower. Science 302:1695–1696

A journal article with 3 authors

Sambanis N, Schulhofer-Wohl J, Shayo M (2012) Social psychology. Parochialism as a central challenge in counterinsurgency. Science 336:805–808

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Thompson JD, Zwickl BM, Jayich AM, et al (2008) Strong dispersive coupling of a high-finesse cavity to a micromechanical membrane. Nature 452:72–75

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Larkin RF, DiTommaso M (2015) Wiley Not-for-Profit GAAP 2015. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Maio M (2009) The Male Patient in Aesthetic Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Oliveira ACM, Lorena LAN (2007) Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithms and Clustering Search. In: Abraham A, Grosan C, Ishibuchi H (eds) Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithms. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 77–99

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Extremophiles.

Blog post

Andrew D (2017) How The Brain Changes When We Learn To Read. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/how-the-brain-changes-when-we-learn-to-read/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1992) Attack Warning: Status of the Survivable Communications Integration System. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kelly EJ (2016) What experiences create and nurture a love of science? Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Baker KJ (2016) White-Collar Supremacy. New York Times A27

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Carlson 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Bastow and Dean 2003; Carlson 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Bastow and Dean 2003)
Three or more authors: (Thompson et al. 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Extremophiles
Abbreviation	Extremophiles
ISSN (print)	1431-0651
ISSN (online)	1433-4909
Scope	Molecular Medicine Microbiology General Medicine