How to format your references using the Extremophiles citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Extremophiles. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hestrin S (2011) Neuroscience. The strength of electrical synapses. Science 334:315–316

A journal article with 2 authors

Rauschenberger R, Yantis S (2001) Masking unveils pre-amodal completion representation in visual search. Nature 410:369–372

A journal article with 3 authors

Lawrence T, Hageman T, Balkwill F (2007) Cancer. Sex, cytokines, and cancer. Science 317:51–52

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Wang CP, Liu XJ, Ohnuma I, et al (2002) Formation of immiscible alloy powders with egg-type microstructure. Science 297:990–993

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Héno R, Chandelier L (2014) 3D Modeling of Buildings. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Trovalusci P (ed) (2016) Materials with Internal Structure: Multiscale and Multifield Modeling and Simulation. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Harman O (2012) War or Peace? Huxley and Kropotkin’s Battle Over the Design of Virtue. In: Swan L, Gordon R, Seckbach J (eds) Origin(s) of Design in Nature: A Fresh, Interdisciplinary Look at How Design Emerges in Complex Systems, Especially Life. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 87–110

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Extremophiles.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Realistic Robot Faces Aren’t Enough – We Need Emotion To Put Us At Ease With Androids. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/realistic-robot-faces-aren-t-enough-we-need-emotion-put-us-ease-androids/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2012) NASA: Earned Value Management Implementation across Major Spaceflight Projects Is Uneven. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sammons JL (2012) Perceived benefits of and barriers to physical exercise in people with severe mental illness. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Cyran R, Hay G (2011) China’s Allure in Drug Research. New York Times B2

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Hestrin 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Rauschenberger and Yantis 2001; Hestrin 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Rauschenberger and Yantis 2001)
Three or more authors: (Wang et al. 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Extremophiles
Abbreviation	Extremophiles
ISSN (print)	1431-0651
ISSN (online)	1433-4909
Scope	Molecular Medicine Microbiology General Medicine