How to format your references using the Extremes citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Extremes. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Shell, K.M.: Climate change. Constraining cloud feedbacks. Science. 338, 755–756 (2012)

A journal article with 2 authors

Berkovits, B.D., Mayr, C.: Alternative 3’ UTRs act as scaffolds to regulate membrane protein localization. Nature. 522, 363–367 (2015)

A journal article with 3 authors

Nasrallah, M.E., Liu, P., Nasrallah, J.B.: Generation of self-incompatible Arabidopsis thaliana by transfer of two S locus genes from A. lyrata. Science. 297, 247–249 (2002)

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Pei, Z.M., Murata, Y., Benning, G., Thomine, S., Klüsener, B., Allen, G.J., Grill, E., Schroeder, J.I.: Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells. Nature. 406, 731–734 (2000)

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Püschl, W.: Physik des Segelns. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany (2012)

An edited book

Philbin, T.M. ed: Sports Injuries of the Foot: Evolving Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer US, Boston, MA (2014)

A chapter in an edited book

Harbour, J.W., Mohsenin, A.: Second Primary Tumors in Retinoblastoma. In: Karcioglu, Z.A. (ed.) Orbital Tumors: Diagnosis and Treatment. pp. 37–41. Springer, New York, NY (2015)

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Extremes.

Blog post

Carpineti, A.: Have Researchers Discovered A New Boson To Explain Dark Matter?, https://www.iflscience.com/space/have-researchers-discovered-a-new-boson-to-explain-dark-matter/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Congressional Relations Activities, 1950-1983: Smith Blair, Charles E. Eckert, Martin J. Fitzgerald, and L. Fred Thompson. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1990)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lee, B.K.: Tracking of truck flows for drayage efficiency analysis, (2015)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Grynbaum, M.M., Herrman, J.: Breitbart Gains Voice in White House, (2016)

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Shell 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Berkovits and Mayr 2015; Shell 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Berkovits and Mayr 2015)
Three or more authors: (Pei et al. 2000)

About the journal

Full journal title	Extremes
Abbreviation	Extremes (Boston)
ISSN (print)	1386-1999
ISSN (online)	1572-915X
Scope	Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) Engineering (miscellaneous) Statistics and Probability