How to format your references using the Ethics and Information Technology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ethics and Information Technology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ball, P. (2002). Statistics: the physics of society. Nature, 415(6870), 371.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sadler, P. M., & Tai, R. H. (2007). Transitions. The two high-school pillars supporting college science. Science (New York, N.Y.), 317(5837), 457–458.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hayashi, K., Hasegawa, J., & Matsunaga, S. (2013). The boundary of the meristematic and elongation zones in roots: endoreduplication precedes rapid cell expansion. Scientific reports, 3, 2723.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Narayanaswamy, N., Kumar, M., Das, S., Sharma, R., Samanta, P. K., Pati, S. K., et al. (2014). A thiazole coumarin (TC) turn-on fluorescence probe for AT-base pair detection and multipurpose applications in different biological systems. Scientific reports, 4, 6476.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Perez, R. X., & Conkey, A. P. (2016). Troubleshooting Rotating Machinery. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &;#38; Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Shah, V. P., Maibach, H. I., & Jenner, J. (Eds.). (2014). Topical Drug Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, and Penetration (2nd ed. 2014.). New York, NY: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Binder, H. (2016). Clinical Evaluation of Residual Brain Function and Responsiveness in Disorders of Consciousness. In M. M. Monti & W. G. Sannita (Eds.), Brain Function and Responsiveness in Disorders of Consciousness (pp. 37–49). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ethics and Information Technology.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, J. (2015, July 22). Strange “Haze” Spotted On Ceres Suggests Those Bright Spots Are Actually Made Of Ice. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/haze-ceres-suggests-those-bright-spots-are-actually-made-ice/. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1988). Technology Selection at INS Needs Improvement (No. T-PEMD-88-6). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ramos, E. (2013). Emergency department utilization among Medicare enrollees: A project report (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kershner, I., & Hubbard, B. (2016, December 21). Hezbollah Is Using U.S.-Made Armor in Syria, Israel Says. New York Times, p. A14.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Ball 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Ball 2002; Sadler and Tai 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Sadler and Tai 2007)
Three or more authors: (Narayanaswamy et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ethics and Information Technology
Abbreviation	Ethics Inf. Technol.
ISSN (print)	1388-1957
ISSN (online)	1572-8439
Scope	Computer Science Applications Library and Information Sciences