How to format your references using the Esophagus citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Esophagus. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Bender E. Big data in biomedicine. Nature. 2015;527:S1.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Irion U, St Johnston D. bicoid RNA localization requires specific binding of an endosomal sorting complex. Nature. 2007;445:554–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Dalli J, Colas RA, Serhan CN. Novel n-3 immunoresolvents: structures and actions. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1940.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Qiu Y, He X-H, Zhang Y, Li J-X. Discriminative stimulus effects of the novel imidazoline I₂ receptor ligand CR4056 in rats. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6605.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Ibe OC. Fundamentals of Stochastic Networks. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

1. Higashino T, Katayama Y, Masuzawa T, Potop-Butucaru M, Yamashita M, editors. Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems: 15th International Symposium, SSS 2013, Osaka, Japan, November 13-16, 2013. Proceedings. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Hosoda S, Nonaka M, Tomita T, Taguchi B, Tomita H, Iwasaka N. Impact of downward heat penetration below the shallow seasonal thermocline on the sea surface temperature. In: Nakamura H, Isobe A, Minobe S, Mitsudera H, Nonaka M, Suga T, editors. “Hot Spots” in the Climate System: New Developments in the Extratropical Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction Research. Tokyo: Springer Japan; 2016. p. 73–89.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Esophagus.

Blog post

1. Fang J. Polar Bears Must Swim For Several Days At A Time In The Melting Arctic. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Transportation Issue Area Plan: Fiscal Years 1998-2000--1999 Update. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1998 Jun. Report No.: IAP-98-15.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Chotkevys DL. A grounded theory study to explore how nurses overcome barriers to spiritual care [Doctoral dissertation]. [Phoenix, AZ]: University of Phoenix; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Pilon M. Jump in Prostitution Arrests in Super Bowl Week. New York Times. 2014 Jan 30;B16.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Esophagus
Abbreviation	Esophagus
ISSN (print)	1612-9059
ISSN (online)	1612-9067
Scope	Gastroenterology