How to format your references using the Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Quaas J. 2009. Atmosphere. Smoke and climate change. Science. 325(5937):153–154.

A journal article with 2 authors

Canadell JG, Raupach MR. 2008. Managing forests for climate change mitigation. Science. 320(5882):1456–1457.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bailey S, Eliason WK, Steitz TA. 2007. Structure of hexameric DnaB helicase and its complex with a domain of DnaG primase. Science. 318(5849):459–463.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Froese DG, Westgate JA, Reyes AV, Enkin RJ, Preece SJ. 2008. Ancient permafrost and a future, warmer Arctic. Science. 321(5896):1648.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Wood J, Brown W, Howe H. 2013. IT Auditing and Application Controls for Small and Mid-Sized Enterprises. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Miesenberger K, Klaus J, Zagler WL, Karshmer AI, editors. 2006. Computers Helping People with Special Needs: 10th International Conference, ICCHP 2006, Linz, Austria, July 11-13, 2006. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer (Lecture Notes in Computer Science).

A chapter in an edited book

Chvála A, Cristaldi D, Donoval D, Greco G, Marek J, Molnár M, Príbytný P, Raciti A, Vinci G. 2016. Discrete Power Devices and Power Modules. In: Bombieri N, Poncino M, Pravadelli G, editors. Smart Systems Integration and Simulation. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 91–143.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.

Blog post

Davis J. 2011 Jan 1. Hawaiian Crow Found To Use Sticks As Tools. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1977. Food Update, Volume 2, Issue 4. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office Report No.: 103384.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Nersisyan HA. 2017. Armenian American Student Perceptions of Campus Climate: Examining the Conditions That Support or Inhibit Their College Experience [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Weiser B, Schwirtz M. 2017 Aug 2. Prison Guards Will Not Be Charged in an Inmate’s Death in 2015, Prosecutors Say. New York Times.:A15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Quaas 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Canadell and Raupach 2008; Quaas 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Canadell and Raupach 2008)
Three or more authors: (Froese et al. 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Abbreviation	Environ. Toxicol. Chem.
ISSN (print)	0730-7268
ISSN (online)	1552-8618
Scope	Environmental Chemistry Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis