How to format your references using the Engineering Structures citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Engineering Structures. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Kratky C. A coordinated approach is key for open access. Nature 2013;500:503.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Akbalik G, Schuman EM. Molecular biology. mRNA, live and unmasked. Science 2014;343:375–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Maeda H, Norum DVL, Gallagher TF. Microwave manipulation of an atomic electron in a classical orbit. Science 2005;307:1757–60.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Kyba CCM, Wagner JM, Kuechly HU, Walker CE, Elvidge CD, Falchi F, et al. Citizen science provides valuable data for monitoring global night sky luminance. Sci Rep 2013;3:1835.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Simon MK, Lee D, Martin WL, Tsou H, Yan T-Y. Bandwidth-Efficient Digital Modulation with Application to Deep Space Communications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

[1]

Wilson-Rawls J, Kusumi K, editors. Innovations in Molecular Mechanisms and Tissue Engineering. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Fabian M, Habala P, Hájek P, Montesinos V, Zizler V. Structure of Banach Spaces. In: Habala P, Hájek P, Montesinos V, Zizler V, editors. Banach Space Theory: The Basis for Linear and Nonlinear Analysis, New York, NY: Springer; 2011, p. 237–89.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Engineering Structures.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. 3D Printer Builds Homes From Mud In Impoverished Areas. IFLScience 2014. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/3d-printer-uses-mud-natural-fibers-make-homes-impoverished-areas/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Army Aviation Requirements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Tzillah A. The emissions of selected air pollutants from biodiesel fuel usage. Doctoral dissertation. University of Cincinnati, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Greenhouse L. Justices to Hear Case on Use of Union Fees. New York Times 2006:A21.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Engineering Structures
Abbreviation	Eng. Struct.
ISSN (print)	0141-0296
Scope	Civil and Structural Engineering