How to format your references using the Engineering Fracture Mechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Engineering Fracture Mechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Hawley RS. Molecular biology. Hitting a tiny target in the dark. Science 2011;331:870–1.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Park E, Rapoport TA. Preserving the membrane barrier for small molecules during bacterial protein translocation. Nature 2011;473:239–42.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Gunn LJ, Allison A, Abbott D. A directional wave measurement attack against the Kish key distribution system. Sci Rep 2014;4:6461.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Schrinner M, Ballauff M, Talmon Y, Kauffmann Y, Thun J, Möller M, et al. Single nanocrystals of platinum prepared by partial dissolution of Au-Pt nanoalloys. Science 2009;323:617–20.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Franssen J-M, Real PV. Fire Design of Steel Structures. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2010.

An edited book

[1]

Fitzal F, Schrenk P, editors. Oncoplastic Breast Surgery: A Guide to Clinical Practice. Vienna: Springer; 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Liu C, Gong Z. Elements of Optimal Control Theory. In: Gong Z, editor. Optimal Control of Switched Systems Arising in Fermentation Processes, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014, p. 41–57.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Engineering Fracture Mechanics.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. How To Save California’s Precious Groundwater, The ‘Dark Matter’ Of Our Water World. IFLScience 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/how-save-california-s-precious-groundwater-dark-matter-our-water-world/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Executive Guide: Measuring Performance and Demonstrating Results of Information Technology Investments (Exposure Draft) (Superseded by AIMD-98-99). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1997.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Shirley A. Connecting foster children with their siblings within a summer camp setting: A grant proposal. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Schulman M. Living His Truth. New York Times 2017:ST1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Engineering Fracture Mechanics
Abbreviation	Eng. Fract. Mech.
ISSN (print)	0013-7944
Scope	Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials General Materials Science