How to format your references using the Engineering Fracture Mechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Engineering Fracture Mechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Broecker WS. Climate change CO2 arithmetic. Science 2007;315:1371.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Patel S, Cone RD. Neuroscience: a cellular basis for the munchies. Nature 2015;519:38–40.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Campbell C, Shea K, Albert R. Network models. Comment on “Control profiles of complex networks.” Science 2014;346:561.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Jacobs HO, Tao AR, Schwartz A, Gracias DH, Whitesides GM. Fabrication of a cylindrical display by patterned assembly. Science 2002;296:323–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Lee M, Bieker G. Mastering. Indianapolis, IN, USA: Wiley Publishing, Inc.; 2009.

An edited book

[1]

Gent IP, editor. Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming - CP 2009: 15th International Conference, CP 2009 Lisbon, Portugal, September 20-24, 2009 Proceedings. vol. 5732. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Agmon T, Sjögre S. A Macro Perspective on the Unique Role of VC Funds in the Process from Ideas to Growth. In: Sjögren S, editor. Venture Capital and the Inventive Process: VC Funds for Ideas-Led Growth, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK; 2016, p. 37–47.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Engineering Fracture Mechanics.

Blog post

[1]

Carpineti A. A New Way To Model The Minutes After The Big Bang. IFLScience 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Adolescent Drug Use Prevention: Common Features of Promising Community Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1992.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Decena M. What variables affect Peritoneal Dialysis growth? Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Brantley B. What Did Chekhov Know? Quite a Lot. New York Times 2016:AR24.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Engineering Fracture Mechanics
Abbreviation	Eng. Fract. Mech.
ISSN (print)	0013-7944
Scope	Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials General Materials Science