How to format your references using the Energy Efficiency citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Energy Efficiency. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hemingway, J. (2004). Taking aim at mosquitoes. Nature, 430(7002), 936.

A journal article with 2 authors

Cheng, J.-X., & Xie, X. S. (2015). Vibrational spectroscopic imaging of living systems: An emerging platform for biology and medicine. Science (New York, N.Y.), 350(6264), aaa8870.

A journal article with 3 authors

Nestle, F. O., Speidel, H., & Speidel, M. O. (2002). Metallurgy: high nickel release from 1- and 2-euro coins. Nature, 419(6903), 132.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Holden, L. G., Prochnow, C., Chang, Y. P., Bransteitter, R., Chelico, L., Sen, U., et al. (2008). Crystal structure of the anti-viral APOBEC3G catalytic domain and functional implications. Nature, 456(7218), 121–124.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Meinert, C. L. (2012). Clinical Trials Dictionary. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

A, O. M. S., & Farshid, G. P. (Eds.). (2015). Post-Traumatic Arthritis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management. Boston, MA: Springer US.

A chapter in an edited book

de Filippo, G. (2016). The Tetra Pak Case. In C. Baroncelli & N. Ballerio (Eds.), WCOM (World Class Operations Management): Why You Need More Than Lean (pp. 37–45). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Energy Efficiency.

Blog post

Evans, K. (2017, June 1). The World is Facing A Sixth Mass Extinction And It’s Because Of Us. IFLScience. IFLScience. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2012). Information Technology: SBA Needs to Strengthen Oversight of Its Loan Management and Accounting System Modernization (No. GAO-12-395T). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Teater, M. R. (2009). Reentry and reintegration: A grant proposal for formerly incarcerated women (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Flegenheimer, M., & Fitzsimmons, E. G. (2015, July 16). A Street Fight Between Uber and City Hall. New York Times, p. A20.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Hemingway 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Cheng and Xie 2015; Hemingway 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Cheng and Xie 2015)
Three or more authors: (Holden et al. 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Energy Efficiency
ISSN (print)	1570-646X
ISSN (online)	1570-6478
Scope	General Energy