How to format your references using the Energy Efficiency citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Energy Efficiency. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Tilman, D. (2000). Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity. Nature, 405(6783), 208–211.

A journal article with 2 authors

Isaksen, I. S. A., & Dalsøren, S. B. (2011). Atmospheric science. Getting a better estimate of an atmospheric radical. Science (New York, N.Y.), 331(6013), 38–39.

A journal article with 3 authors

Antonovics, J., Hood, M. E., & Baker, C. H. (2006). Molecular virology: was the 1918 flu avian in origin? Nature, 440(7088), E9; discussion E9-10.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Yang, Y., Wang, P.-P., Zhang, Z.-C., Liu, H.-L., Zhang, J., Zhuang, J., & Wang, X. (2013). Nanowire membrane-based nanothermite: towards processable and tunable interfacial diffusion for solid state reactions. Scientific reports, 3, 1694.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Leis, J. W. (2011). Digital Signal Processing Using MATLAB for Students and Researchers. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Seckbach, J. (Ed.). (2006). Life as We Know It. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Dingsøyr, T. (2009). Strategies and Approaches for Managing Architectural Knowledge. In M. Ali Babar, T. Dingsøyr, P. Lago, & H. van Vliet (Eds.), Software Architecture Knowledge Management: Theory and Practice (pp. 59–68). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Energy Efficiency.

Blog post

Andrews, R. (2016, June 20). This Thieving Butterfly Turns Vicious Red Ants Into Brainwashed Bodyguards. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/this-thieving-butterfly-turns-vicious-red-ants-into-brainwashed-bodyguards/. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1999). Federal Research Grants: Compensation Paid to Graduate Students at the University of California (No. OSI-99-8). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hylton, J. K. (2016). Scatter; Or, A Series or Minor Inconveniences (Doctoral dissertation). University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner, J. (2017, August 17). Gregorius and Judge Deliver Major Blows as Yanks Top Mets Again. New York Times, p. B12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Tilman 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Isaksen and Dalsøren 2011; Tilman 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Isaksen and Dalsøren 2011)
Three or more authors: (Yang et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Energy Efficiency
ISSN (print)	1570-646X
ISSN (online)	1570-6478
Scope	General Energy