How to format your references using the Energy Efficiency citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Energy Efficiency. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Brown, G. E., Jr. (2001). Surface science. How minerals react with water. Science (New York, N.Y.), 294(5540), 67–69.

A journal article with 2 authors

Guiver, M. D., & Lee, Y. M. (2013). Materials science. Polymer rigidity improves microporous membranes. Science (New York, N.Y.), 339(6117), 284–285.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hanna, R. A., Campbell, R. L., & Davies, P. L. (2008). Calcium-bound structure of calpain and its mechanism of inhibition by calpastatin. Nature, 456(7220), 409–412.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Floyd, J. S., Tolstoy, M., Mutter, J. C., & Scholz, C. H. (2002). Seismotectonics of mid-ocean ridge propagation in Hess Deep. Science (New York, N.Y.), 298(5599), 1765–1768.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Carvalho, M. C. (2016). Practical Laboratory Automation. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Nijholt, A., Romão, T., & Reidsma, D. (Eds.). (2012). Advances in Computer Entertainment: 9th International Conference, ACE 2012, Kathmandu, Nepal, November 3-5, 2012. Proceedings (Vol. 7624). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Andersson, K. (2007). An Optional Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base in the European Union. In K. Andersson, E. Eberhartinger, & L. Oxelheim (Eds.), National Tax Policy in Europe: To Be or Not to Be? (pp. 85–119). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Energy Efficiency.

Blog post

Evans, K. (2017, May 17). New Zealand’s Yellow-Eyed Penguins Could Be Extinct In Just 25 years. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/new-zealands-yelloweyed-penguins-could-be-extinct-in-just-25-years/. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1995). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Maneuver System Schedule Includes Unnecessary Risk (No. NSIAD-95-161). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cady, S. C. (2013). Successful student goal completion: A community college case study (Doctoral dissertation). Capella University, Minneapolis, MN.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey, G. (2010, October 26). Anything Can Happen In a San Francisco Series. New York Times, p. B12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Brown 2001).
This sentence cites two references (Brown 2001; Guiver and Lee 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Guiver and Lee 2013)
Three or more authors: (Floyd et al. 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Energy Efficiency
ISSN (print)	1570-646X
ISSN (online)	1570-6478
Scope	General Energy