How to format your references using the Emergency Radiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Emergency Radiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Lazic SE (2013) Comment on “Stress in puberty unmasks latent neuropathological consequences of prenatal immune activation in mice.” Science 340:811

A journal article with 2 authors

Eberly JH, Yu T (2007) Physics. The end of an entanglement. Science 316:555–557

A journal article with 3 authors

Huang L, Treisman A, Pashler H (2007) Characterizing the limits of human visual awareness. Science 317:823–825

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Overpeck JT, Otto-Bliesner BL, Miller GH, et al (2006) Paleoclimatic evidence for future ice-sheet instability and rapid sea-level rise. Science 311:1747–1750

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Chu L-Y, Wang W (2017) Microfluidics for Advanced Functional Polymeric Materials. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany

An edited book

Bonchev D, Rouvray DH (2005) Complexity in Chemistry, Biology, and Ecology. Springer US, Boston, MA

A chapter in an edited book

Prieur C (2006) Recent results on weak dependence for causal sequences. Statistical applications to dynamical systems. In: Bertail P, Soulier P, Doukhan P (eds) Dependence in Probability and Statistics. Springer, New York, NY, pp 87–104

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Emergency Radiology.

Blog post

Davis J (2015) The Dark Winter Months Of The Arctic Found To Be A Hive Of Activity. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/dark-winter-months-arctic-found-be-hive-activity/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1991) NASA Procurement: Management Oversight of Contract Costs and Time Changes Could Be Enhanced. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Alimo CJ (2010) From dialogue to action: The development of White racial allies. Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Eligon J (2017) Liberal Town Erupts in Fury Over Policing. New York Times A1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Emergency Radiology
Abbreviation	Emerg. Radiol.
ISSN (print)	1070-3004
ISSN (online)	1438-1435
Scope	Emergency Medicine Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging