How to format your references using the Emergency Medicine Journal citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Emergency Medicine Journal. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Weintraub K. Drug development: Releasing the brakes. Nature. 2013;504:S6-8.

A journal article with 2 authors

Drake JM, Griffen BD. Early warning signals of extinction in deteriorating environments. Nature. 2010;467:456–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

MacLeod N, Benfield M, Culverhouse P. Time to automate identification. Nature. 2010;467:154–5.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Rao F, Ding K, Zhou Y, et al. Reducing the stochasticity of crystal nucleation to enable subnanosecond memory writing. Science. 2017;358:1423–7.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Fell GJ. Decoding the IT Value Problem. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2013.

An edited book

Murray-Smith R, editor. Mobile Social Signal Processing: First International Workshop, MSSP 2010, Lisbon, Portugal, September 7, 2010, Invited Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Bou-Sleiman S, Ismail M. RF Built-in-Self-Calibration. In: Ismail M, ed. Built-in-Self-Test and Digital Self-Calibration for RF SoCs. New York, NY: Springer 2012:73–86.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Emergency Medicine Journal.

Blog post

Hamilton K. The Global Impact Of Air Conditioning: Big And Getting Bigger. IFLScience. 2016. (accessed 30 October 2018)

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Electronic Government: Initiatives Sponsored by the Office of Management and Budget Have Made Mixed Progress. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 2004.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Walker M. Industry - higher education partnerships: A case study analysis of learning together. 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gurley G. Losing Her Friends for the Love of Trump. New York Times. 2017;D1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Emergency Medicine Journal
Abbreviation	Emerg. Med. J.
ISSN (print)	1472-0205
ISSN (online)	1472-0213
Scope	General Medicine Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine Emergency Medicine