How to format your references using the Emergency Medicine Journal citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Emergency Medicine Journal. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Sincell M. INSTITUTIONAL PROFILE: Scientific Ballooning’s Buoyant Mood. Science. 2000;289:534–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

Roorda S, Lewis LJ. Comment on ‘The local structure of amorphous silicon’. Science. 2012;338:1539; author reply 1539.

A journal article with 3 authors

Watanabe KN, Taeb M, Okusu H. Biotechnology. Japanese controversies over transgenic crop regulation. Science. 2004;305:1572.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Madin JS, Alroy J, Aberhan M, et al. Statistical independence of escalatory ecological trends in Phanerozoic marine invertebrates. Science. 2006;312:897–900.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Labadie N, Prins C, Prodhon C. Metaheuristics for Vehicle Routing Problems. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2016.

An edited book

Amara SG. Reviews of Physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

Hirabayashi Y. Collective Recognition and Shared Identity: Factors Behind the Emergence and Mobilization Process in a Referendum Movement1. In: Broadbent J, Brockman V, eds. East Asian Social Movements: Power, Protest, and Change in a Dynamic Region. New York, NY: Springer 2011:81–97.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Emergency Medicine Journal.

Blog post

Andrew E. Are US Vaccine Rates Going Down Because Public Trust And Social Ties Are Eroding. IFLScience. 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/are-us-vaccine-rates-going-down-because-public-trust-and-social-ties-are-eroding/ (accessed 30 October 2018)

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Student Aid Information and Private Tuition-Guarantee Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 1991.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Moro JM. School Improvement Grants at Work: A Study of Urban, Public New England Schools. 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Bennhold K, Erlanger S, Yeginsu C. Britain on Edge As Terror Alert Hits Top Level. New York Times. 2017;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Emergency Medicine Journal
Abbreviation	Emerg. Med. J.
ISSN (print)	1472-0205
ISSN (online)	1472-0213
Scope	General Medicine Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine Emergency Medicine