How to format your references using the Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Medlyn BE. Comment on ‘Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009’. Science 2011;333:1093; author reply 1093.

A journal article with 2 authors

Metzger CH, Karrai K. Cavity cooling of a microlever. Nature 2004;432:1002–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

Grima JN, Attard D, Gatt R. Materials science. Unusual thermoelastic properties of methanol monohydrate. Science 2011;331:687–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Lee MG, Villa R, Trojer P, Norman J, Yan K-P, Reinberg D, et al. Demethylation of H3K27 regulates polycomb recruitment and H2A ubiquitination. Science 2007;318:447–50.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Tsai CS. Biomacromolecules. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2006.

An edited book

Guo S, Guo Y, editors. Spotlight on China: Changes in Education under China’s Market Economy. Rotterdam: SensePublishers; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Burnett L, Sugiyama H, Washburn C, Bieber A, Chandler DE. Allurin: Exploring the Activity of a Frog Sperm Chemoattractant in Mammals. In: Sawada H, Inoue N, Iwano M, editors. Sexual Reproduction in Animals and Plants. Tokyo: Springer Japan; 2014. p. 31–48.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation.

Blog post

Andrew E. Chimps And Gorillas Desperately Need Ebola Vaccine Too – Virus Has Wiped Out A Third Of Them. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015. URL: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/chimps-and-gorillas-desperately-need-ebola-vaccine-too-virus-has-wiped-out-third/ (Accessed 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Early Childhood Programs: Promoting the Development of Young Children in Denmark, France, and Italy. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

De La Cruz CF. A program evaluation of a literacy initiative for students with moderate to severe disabilities. Doctoral dissertation, Tampa, FL: University of South Florida; 2009; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Barnard A, Saad H, Hubbard B. Thousands of Residents Still Trapped in Aleppo as Evacuations Break Down. New York Times 2016:A9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation
Abbreviation	Effic. Mech. Eval.
ISSN (print)	2050-4365
ISSN (online)	2050-4373
Scope