How to format your references using the Ecosphere citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecosphere. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Carslaw, K. 2009. Atmospheric physics: Cosmic rays, clouds and climate. Nature 460:332–333.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lawler, A., and J. Mervis. 2000. 2001 BUDGET: NSF and NASA Score Last-Minute Victories. Science (New York, N.Y.) 290:683a.

A journal article with 3 authors

Jia, S., K.-I. Noma, and S. I. S. Grewal. 2004. RNAi-independent heterochromatin nucleation by the stress-activated ATF/CREB family proteins. Science (New York, N.Y.) 304:1971–1976.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Loose, M., E. Fischer-Friedrich, J. Ries, K. Kruse, and P. Schwille. 2008. Spatial regulators for bacterial cell division self-organize into surface waves in vitro. Science (New York, N.Y.) 320:789–792.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Center for Chemical Process Safety. 2010. Layer of Protection Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Yülek, M., editor. 2015. Economic Planning and Industrial Policy in the Globalizing Economy: Concepts, Experience and Prospects. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Torero, J. L. 2006. THE RISK IMPOSED BY FIRE TO BUILDINGS AND HOW TO ADDRESS IT. Pages 41–57 in K. V. Frolov and G. B. Baecher, editors. Protection of Civilian Infrastructure from Acts of Terrorism. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecosphere.

Blog post

Hamilton, K. 2016, December 28. From Creepy Clowns To The Dancing Plague – When Phobias Are Contagious. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/from-creepy-clowns-to-the-dancing-plague-when-phobias-are-contagious/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1972. Review of the Emergency School Assistance Program Community Grants Awarded to the Nashville Urban League by the Office of Education, HEW. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Johnson, K. C. 2013. Teacher and parent perceptions of classroom experiences of African American male students in a high school alternative program. Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow, K. 2003, October 28. Staying Focused On Diversity Goals In Harder Times. New York Times:G2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Carslaw 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Lawler and Mervis 2000, Carslaw 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Lawler and Mervis 2000)
Three or more authors: (Loose et al. 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecosphere
Abbreviation	Ecosphere
ISSN (online)	2150-8925
Scope