How to format your references using the Economic Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Economic Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Li, W., 2009. Small but effective moves towards a greener China. Nature 460, 683–684.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hug, C., Lodish, H.F., 2005. Medicine. Visfatin: a new adipokine. Science 307, 366–367.

A journal article with 3 authors

Chalifoux, W.A., Reznik, S.K., Leighton, J.L., 2012. Direct and highly regioselective and enantioselective allylation of β-diketones. Nature 487, 86–89.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Cerrano, C., Cardini, U., Bianchelli, S., Corinaldesi, C., Pusceddu, A., Danovaro, R., 2013. Red coral extinction risk enhanced by ocean acidification. Sci. Rep. 3, 1457.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Rees, H., 2011. Supply Chain Management in the Drug Industry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Murty, K.G. (Ed.), 2015. Case Studies in Operations Research: Applications of Optimal Decision Making, International Series in Operations Research & Management Science. Springer, New York, NY.

A chapter in an edited book

Szekely, I., 2016. From a Model Pupil to a Problematic Grown-Up: Enforcing Privacy and Data Protection in Hungary, in: Wright, D., De Hert, P. (Eds.), Enforcing Privacy: Regulatory, Legal and Technological Approaches, Law, Governance and Technology Series. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 79–104.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Economic Systems.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2015. A Beginner’s Guide To Understanding Stem Cells [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/beginner-s-guide-understanding-stem-cells/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1973. Narcotic Addiction Treatment and Rehabilitation Programs in New York City (No. B-166217). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Pitron, J.E., 2008. The influence of exemplary followership on organizational performance: A phenomenological approach (Doctoral dissertation). University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Detrick, B., 2016. Where the Party Moves From Room to Room. New York Times D9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Li, 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Hug and Lodish, 2005; Li, 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Hug and Lodish, 2005)
Three or more authors: (Cerrano et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Economic Systems
ISSN (print)	0939-3625
Scope	Economics and Econometrics