How to format your references using the Economic Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Economic Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Vrakking, M., 2009. Chemical physics: Electronic movies. Nature 460, 960–961.

A journal article with 2 authors

Anbar, A.D., Knoll, A.H., 2002. Proterozoic ocean chemistry and evolution: a bioinorganic bridge? Science 297, 1137–1142.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lyons, J.R., Lewis, R.S., Clayton, R.N., 2009. Comment on “Experimental test of self-shielding in vacuum ultraviolet photodissociation of CO.” Science 324, 1516;author reply 1516.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Wu, X., Yin, S., Dong, Q., Liu, B., Wang, Y., Sekino, T., Lee, S.W., Sato, T., 2013. UV, visible and near-infrared lights induced NOx destruction activity of (Yb,Er)-NaYF₄/C-TiO₂ composite. Sci. Rep. 3, 2918.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gelbaum, B.R., 1995. Modern Real and Complex Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Bard, R.L., Fütterer, J.J., Sperling, D. (Eds.), 2014. Image Guided Prostate Cancer Treatments. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Fischer, P., Berton, A., Nürnberger, A., 2008. Adaptive Search Results Personalized by a Fuzzy Recommendation Approach, in: André, E., Dybkjær, L., Minker, W., Neumann, H., Pieraccini, R., Weber, M. (Eds.), Perception in Multimodal Dialogue Systems: 4th IEEE Tutorial and Research Workshop on Perception and Interactive Technologies for Speech-Based Systems, PIT 2008, Kloster Irsee, Germany, June 16-18, 2008. Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 26–36.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Economic Systems.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2015. What’s Causing This Mysterious Sleeping Sickness In A Village In Kazakhstan? [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/mystery-village-s-sleeping-sickness-may-have-been-solved/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2016. Information Technology: Federal Agencies Need to Address Aging Legacy Systems (No. GAO-16-696T). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Blandin, N.M., 2008. Re-conceptualizing leadership for an era of complexity and uncertainty: A case study of leadership in a complex adaptive system (Doctoral dissertation). George Washington University, Washington, DC.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kishkovsky, S., 2005. Bomb Near a Police Vehicle Kills 13 in North Chechnya. New York Times A4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Vrakking, 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Anbar and Knoll, 2002; Vrakking, 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Anbar and Knoll, 2002)
Three or more authors: (Wu et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Economic Systems
ISSN (print)	0939-3625
Scope	Economics and Econometrics