How to format your references using the Economic Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Economic Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

de Jong, G., 2005. Evolution. Is invariance across animal species just an illusion? Science 309, 1193–1195.

A journal article with 2 authors

West, S.A., Gardner, A., 2010. Altruism, spite, and greenbeards. Science 327, 1341–1344.

A journal article with 3 authors

Mancini, G., Ferrari, P.F., Palagi, E., 2013. Rapid facial mimicry in geladas. Sci. Rep. 3, 1527.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Gasper, W.C., Marinov, G.K., Pauli-Behn, F., Scott, M.T., Newberry, K., DeSalvo, G., Ou, S., Myers, R.M., Vielmetter, J., Wold, B.J., 2014. Fully automated high-throughput chromatin immunoprecipitation for ChIP-seq: identifying ChIP-quality p300 monoclonal antibodies. Sci. Rep. 4, 5152.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Jevon, P., 2012. Paediatric Advanced Life Support. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, UK.

An edited book

Weihed, P. (Ed.), 2015. 3D, 4D and Predictive Modelling of Major Mineral Belts in Europe, 1st ed. 2015. ed, Mineral Resource Reviews. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Lenk, A., Pallas, F., 2013. Modeling Quality Attributes of Cloud-Standby-Systems, in: Lau, K.-K., Lamersdorf, W., Pimentel, E. (Eds.), Service-Oriented and Cloud Computing: Second European Conference, ESOCC 2013, Málaga, Spain, September 11-13, 2013. Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 49–63.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Economic Systems.

Blog post

Hale, T., 2016. Scientists Made A Lego Maze To See How Groups Of Ants Coordinate [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/scientists-made-a-lego-maze-to-see-how-groups-of-ants-coordinate/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1992. The Job Training Partnership Act: Abuse of On-The-Job Training and Other Contracting Is an Ongoing Problem (No. T-HRD-92-47). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ghale, K., 2015. Modeling the Traffic Impacts During Evacuation of a Suburban University Campus: A Case Study (Doctoral dissertation). Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Burghardt, L.F., 2006. An Animal Sanctuary Is Under Pressure to Move. New York Times 14LI6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (de Jong, 2005).
This sentence cites two references (de Jong, 2005; West and Gardner, 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (West and Gardner, 2010)
Three or more authors: (Gasper et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Economic Systems
ISSN (print)	0939-3625
Scope	Economics and Econometrics