How to format your references using the Ecology and Society citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecology and Society. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Appelbaum, F. R. 2001. Haematopoietic cell transplantation as immunotherapy. Nature 411(6835):385–389.

A journal article with 2 authors

Schmiedmayer, J., and J. Berges. 2013. Physics. Cold atom cosmology. Science (New York, N.Y.) 341(6151):1188–1189.

A journal article with 3 authors

Yanagisawa, S., S.-D. Yoo, and J. Sheen. 2003. Differential regulation of EIN3 stability by glucose and ethylene signalling in plants. Nature 425(6957):521–525.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Horiuchi, S., Y. Okimoto, R. Kumai, and Y. Tokura. 2003. Quantum phase transition in organic charge-transfer complexes. Science (New York, N.Y.) 299(5604):229–232.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Numai, T. 2010. Laser Diodes and their Applications to Communications and Information Processing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Ribeiro, A. B., E. P. Mateus, and N. Couto, editors. 2016. Electrokinetics Across Disciplines and Continents: New Strategies for Sustainable Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Boeyens, J. C. A. 2013. Covalent Interaction. Pages 93–135 in J. C. A. Boeyens and P. Comba, editors. Electronic Structure and Number Theory: Bohr’s Boldest Dream. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecology and Society.

Blog post

Andrews, R. 2017, February 6. Babies Have An Innate Sense Of Heroic Justice. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/babies-innate-sense-heroic-justice/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2001. Intellectual Property: State Immunity in Infringement Actions. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Parker, D. D. 2017. Uncovering Three Trumpet Works of Sofia Gubaidulina. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Pilon, M. 2013, July 1. London. Tokyo. Athens. Tulsa? New York Times:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Appelbaum 2001).
This sentence cites two references (Appelbaum 2001, Schmiedmayer and Berges 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Schmiedmayer and Berges 2013)
Three or more authors: (Horiuchi et al. 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecology and Society
Abbreviation	Conserv. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	1195-5449
Scope	Nature and Landscape Conservation

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