How to format your references using the Ecological Processes citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecological Processes. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gusakov AV (2014) Comment on “Revealing nature’s cellulase diversity: the digestion mechanism of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii CelA.” Science 344:578

A journal article with 2 authors

Brasier M, Antcliffe J (2004) Paleobiology. Decoding the Ediacaran enigma. Science 305:1115–1117

A journal article with 3 authors

Zhurov V, Terzin T, Grbić M (2004) Early blastomere determines embryo proliferation and caste fate in a polyembryonic wasp. Nature 432:764–769

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Reddy Chichili VP, Xiao Y, Seetharaman J, et al (2013) Structural basis for the modulation of the neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.6 by calmodulin. Sci Rep 3:2435

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bâzu M, Băjenescu T (2011) Failure Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Rayadurgam S, Tkachuk O (eds) (2016) NASA Formal Methods: 8th International Symposium, NFM 2016, Minneapolis, MN, USA, June 7-9, 2016, Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Taibi E (2013) A Framework for Technology Cooperation for the Successful Deployment of Renewable Energy Technologies in Pacific Island Countries and Territories. In: Leal Filho W, Mannke F, Mohee R, et al. (eds) Climate-Smart Technologies: Integrating Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Mitigation and Adaptation Responses. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 65–74

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecological Processes.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Star Trek Actress Nichelle Nichols Confirms She Will Fly In A NASA Mission Later This Year. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/star-trek-actress-nichelle-nichols-confirms-she-will-fly-nasa-mission-later-year/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1977) Comments on Loan Guarantee Provisions of H.R. 13350, the 1977 Authorization Bill for the Energy Research and Development Administration. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Beck J (2010) Community based human trafficking awareness program: A grant proposal project. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Lambert K (2013) Santa on the Brain. New York Times SR8

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Gusakov 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Brasier and Antcliffe 2004; Gusakov 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Brasier and Antcliffe 2004)
Three or more authors: (Reddy Chichili et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecological Processes
Abbreviation	Ecol. Process.
ISSN (online)	2192-1709
Scope