How to format your references using the Ecological Modelling citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecological Modelling. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Shell, K.M., 2012. Climate change. Constraining cloud feedbacks. Science 338, 755–756.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hartl, F.U., Hayer-Hartl, M., 2002. Molecular chaperones in the cytosol: from nascent chain to folded protein. Science 295, 1852–1858.

A journal article with 3 authors

Powner, M.W., Gerland, B., Sutherland, J.D., 2009. Synthesis of activated pyrimidine ribonucleotides in prebiotically plausible conditions. Nature 459, 239–242.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Ling, K., Doughman, R.L., Firestone, A.J., Bunce, M.W., Anderson, R.A., 2002. Type I gamma phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase targets and regulates focal adhesions. Nature 420, 89–93.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cooney, N., 2015. How to Be Great at Doing Good. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Gleick, P.H. (Ed.), 2011. The World’s Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources, The World’s Water. Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, Washington, DC.

A chapter in an edited book

Pinto, J.M., 2012. Cultural and Educational Heritage, Social Structure and Quality of Life, in: Neave, G., Amaral, A. (Eds.), Higher Education in Portugal 1974-2009: A Nation, a Generation. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 89–107.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecological Modelling.

Blog post

Hale, T., 2017. Captive Orca Theme Parks Are Sadly Thriving In China [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/captive-orca-theme-parks-are-sadly-thriving-in-china/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1992. Transportation Infrastructure: Urban Transportation Planning Can Better Address Modal Trade-offs (No. RCED-92-112). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kelleher, A., 2017. Gendered Intent to Turnover Resulting from Workplace Bullying in Nursing and Medical Fields (Doctoral dissertation). Capella University, Minneapolis, MN.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

MacFARQUHAR, N., 2015. Conspiracy Theories Mix With Somber Condolences. New York Times A11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Shell, 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Hartl and Hayer-Hartl, 2002; Shell, 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Hartl and Hayer-Hartl, 2002)
Three or more authors: (Ling et al., 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecological Modelling
Abbreviation	Ecol. Modell.
ISSN (print)	0304-3800
Scope	Ecological Modelling