How to format your references using the Ecological Modelling citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecological Modelling. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Rainey, P.B., 2007. Unity from conflict. Nature 446, 616.

A journal article with 2 authors

Head, J.J., Polly, P.D., 2015. Evolution of the snake body form reveals homoplasy in amniote Hox gene function. Nature 520, 86–89.

A journal article with 3 authors

Green, E.D., Guyer, M.S., National Human Genome Research Institute, 2011. Charting a course for genomic medicine from base pairs to bedside. Nature 470, 204–213.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Lee, S.S., Kennedy, S., Tolonen, A.C., Ruvkun, G., 2003. DAF-16 target genes that control C. elegans life-span and metabolism. Science 300, 644–647.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Quéguiner, B., 2016. The Biogeochemical Cycle of Silicon in the Ocean. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Kanoulas, E., Lupu, M., Clough, P., Sanderson, M., Hall, M., Hanbury, A., Toms, E. (Eds.), 2014. Information Access Evaluation. Multilinguality, Multimodality, and Interaction: 5th International Conference of the CLEF Initiative, CLEF 2014, Sheffield, UK, September 15-18, 2014. Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Matta, A., Runchina, M., Tolio, T., 2006. Automated flow lines with shared buffer, in: Liberopoulos, G., Papadopoulos, C.T., Tan, B., Smith, J.M., Gershwin, S.B. (Eds.), Stochastic Modeling of Manufacturing Systems: Advances in Design, Performance Evaluation, and Control Issues. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 99–120.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecological Modelling.

Blog post

Luntz, S., 2014. Houdini Honey Badgers Can Escape From Anywhere [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/houdini-honey-badgers-can-escape-anywhere/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2015. International Space Station: Measurable Performance Targets and Documentation Needed to Better Assess Management of National Laboratory (No. GAO-15-397). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Gullett, D.L., 2017. Lived Experience of Suffering through the 2010 Earthquake in Haiti (Doctoral dissertation). Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly, M., 1992. The Winners Shift Gears: What Now? New York Times B3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Rainey, 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Head and Polly, 2015; Rainey, 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Head and Polly, 2015)
Three or more authors: (Lee et al., 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecological Modelling
Abbreviation	Ecol. Modell.
ISSN (print)	0304-3800
Scope	Ecological Modelling