How to format your references using the Ecological Economics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecological Economics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ihde, D., 2000. Putting technology in its place. Nature 404, 935.

A journal article with 2 authors

Schmerr, N., Garnero, E.J., 2007. Upper mantle discontinuity topography from thermal and chemical heterogeneity. Science 318, 623–626.

A journal article with 3 authors

Mookherjee, M., Stixrude, L., Karki, B., 2008. Hydrous silicate melt at high pressure. Nature 452, 983–986.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

DeFalco, J., Tomishima, M., Liu, H., Zhao, C., Cai, X., Marth, J.D., Enquist, L., Friedman, J.M., 2001. Virus-assisted mapping of neural inputs to a feeding center in the hypothalamus. Science 291, 2608–2613.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Talbot, D.B., 2012. Frequency Acquisition Techniques for Phase Locked Loops. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Cheng, L., Bostwick, D.G. (Eds.), 2006. Essentials of Anatomic Pathology, Second Edition. ed. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.

A chapter in an edited book

Takahama, T., Sakai, S., 2008. Constrained Optimization by ε Constrained Differential Evolution with Dynamic ε-Level Control, in: Chakraborty, U.K. (Ed.), Advances in Differential Evolution, Studies in Computational Intelligence. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 139–154.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecological Economics.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2014. Young Stars Are Destroying Their Mother Nebula [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/space/young-stars-are-destroying-their-mother-nebula/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2007. Telecommunications: GSA Has Accumulated Adequate Funding for Transition to New Contracts but Needs Cost Estimation Policy (No. GAO-07-268). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Chapple, C.M., 2015. A: Application of Polymeric Quaternary Ammonium Surfactant Clay Intercalates in Triphase Catalysis B: Effect of Various Compatibilizers in Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites (Doctoral dissertation). Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow, L., 2008. Graduation Rates Rise, and Bar Is Raised. New York Times LI2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Ihde, 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Ihde, 2000; Schmerr and Garnero, 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Schmerr and Garnero, 2007)
Three or more authors: (DeFalco et al., 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecological Economics
Abbreviation	Ecol. Econ.
ISSN (print)	0921-8009
Scope	Economics and Econometrics General Environmental Science