How to format your references using the Earthquake Science citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Earthquake Science. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Nathan C (2002) Points of control in inflammation. Nature 420:846–852

A journal article with 2 authors

Zanetti M, Mahadevan NR (2012) Cancer. Immune surveillance from chromosomal chaos? Science 337:1616–1617

A journal article with 3 authors

Skipper M, Weiss U, Gray N (2010) Plasticity. Nature 465:703

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Nielsen SG, Rehkämper M, Norman MD, et al (2006) Thallium isotopic evidence for ferromanganese sediments in the mantle source of Hawaiian basalts. Nature 439:314–317

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Chow S-C, Liu J-P (2005) Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials: Concepts and Methodologies. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Huang JZ, Cao L, Srivastava J (eds) (2011) Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining: 15th Pacific-Asia Conference, PAKDD 2011, Shenzhen, China, May 24-27, 2011, Proceedings, Part I. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Matalonga S, Rodrigues F, Travassos GH (2015) Matching Context Aware Software Testing Design Techniques to ISO/IEC/IEEE 29119. In: Rout T, O’Connor RV, Dorling A (eds) Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination: 15th International Conference, SPICE 2015, Gothenburg, Sweden, June 16-17, 2015. Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 33–44

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Earthquake Science.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Revealed: First Warm-Blooded Fish (And We’ve Been Eating It For Years). In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/revealed-first-warm-blooded-fish-and-we-ve-been-eating-it-years/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1995) Resources, Community, and Economic Development Information Systems Issue Area: Active Assignments. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Zaarour M (2017) Enhancing the foster care experience of children with autism: A grant proposal. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Rueb ES (2016) Before Fire Under Tracks in East Harlem, a Business Took Root. New York Times A21

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Nathan 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Nathan 2002; Zanetti and Mahadevan 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Zanetti and Mahadevan 2012)
Three or more authors: (Nielsen et al. 2006)

About the journal

Full journal title	Earthquake Science
Abbreviation	Earthq. Sci.
ISSN (print)	1674-4519
ISSN (online)	1867-8777
Scope	Geology Geophysics Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology