How to format your references using the Ear and Hearing citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ear and Hearing. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Harrison, S.C. (2010). Virology. Looking inside adenovirus. Science, 329, 1026–1027.

A journal article with 2 authors

Chatterjee, S., Callaway, E.M. (2003). Parallel colour-opponent pathways to primary visual cortex. Nature, 426, 668–671.

A journal article with 3 authors

Sadeghi, O., Zakharov, L.N., Nyman, M. (2015). Crystal growth. Aqueous formation and manipulation of the iron-oxo Keggin ion. Science, 347, 1359–1362.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Donaldson, G.P., Ladinsky, M.S., Yu, K.B., et al. (2018). Gut microbiota utilize immunoglobulin A for mucosal colonization. Science, 360, 795–800.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Scheller-Sheridan, C. (2011). Basic Guide to Dental Instruments, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Cristini, C. (2009). Sentire e pensare: Emozioni e apprendimento fra mente e cervello A. Ghilardi, ed., Milano: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Paul, T.T., Dennis, A., George, G. (2016). A Review of Remote Sensing Techniques for the Visualization of Mangroves, Reefs, Fishing Grounds, and Molluscan Settling Areas in Tropical Waters. In C. W. Finkl & C. Makowski, eds. Seafloor Mapping along Continental Shelves: Research and Techniques for Visualizing Benthic Environments. Coastal Research Library. (pp. 105–123). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ear and Hearing.

Blog post

Andrew, E. (2015). The Science of Strawberries: Why do They Taste so Good? IFLScience. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/science-strawberries-why-do-they-taste-so-good/ [Accessed October 30, 2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2011). Nextgen Air Transportation System: Mechanisms for Collaboration and Technology Transfer Could Be Enhanced to More Fully Leverage Partner Agency and Industry Resources, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Nannapaneni, D. (2015). Factors associated with HPV acceptability among parents. Doctoral dissertation. Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Burghardt, L.F. (2006). Cupid With a Dark Side. New York Times, 14LI7.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Harrison 2010).
This sentence cites two references (Harrison 2010; Chatterjee & Callaway 2003).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Chatterjee & Callaway 2003)
Three or more authors: (Donaldson et al. 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ear and Hearing
Abbreviation	Ear Hear.
ISSN (print)	0196-0202
ISSN (online)	1538-4667
Scope	Otorhinolaryngology Speech and Hearing