How to format your references using the Dysphagia citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Dysphagia. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Painter PR. Rivers, blood and transportation networks. Nature. 2000;408:159; discussion 160.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Meier MF, Dyurgerov MB. Sea level changes. How Alaska affects the world. Science. 2002;297:350–1.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Xu X, Han F, Zhao Q. Homologies and homeotic transformation of the theropod “semilunate” carpal. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6042.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Zhou Z-Y, Li Y, Ding D-S, Jiang Y-K, Zhang W, Shi S, et al. Generation of light with controllable spatial patterns via the sum frequency in quasi-phase matching crystals. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5650.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Johnson A. Small Animal Pathology for Veterinary Technicians. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.

An edited book

1. Mathew J, Shafik RA, Pradhan DK, editors. Energy-Efficient Fault-Tolerant Systems. New York, NY: Springer; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Meiners CR, Liu AX, Torng E. Bit Weaving. In: Liu AX, Torng E, editors. Hardware Based Packet Classification for High Speed Internet Routers. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2010. p. 41–56.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Dysphagia.

Blog post

1. Davis J. Human And Chimpanzee Split May Have Occurred In Europe, Not Africa [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/human-and-chimpanzee-split-may-have-occurred-in-europe-not-africa/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Title I Preschool Education: More Children Served, but Gauging Effect on School Readiness Difficult. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000 Sep. Report No.: HEHS-00-171.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Yahil RJ. The role of interleukin-19 in interleukin-10 production by regulatory macrophages [Doctoral dissertation]. [College Park, MD]: University of Maryland, College Park; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Billard M. A Brooklyn Life On the Big Screen. New York Times. 2013 Aug 29;E5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Dysphagia
Abbreviation	Dysphagia
ISSN (print)	0179-051X
ISSN (online)	1432-0460
Scope	Gastroenterology Otorhinolaryngology Speech and Hearing