How to format your references using the Dysphagia citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Dysphagia. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Powell K. Save now, don’t pay later. Nature. 2005;433:336–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Walker BD, Burton DR. Toward an AIDS vaccine. Science. 2008;320:760–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Thornton JW, Need E, Crews D. Resurrecting the ancestral steroid receptor: ancient origin of estrogen signaling. Science. 2003;301:1714–7.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Wallingford JB, Rowning BA, Vogeli KM, Rothbächer U, Fraser SE, Harland RM. Dishevelled controls cell polarity during Xenopus gastrulation. Nature. 2000;405:81–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Boeker E, Van Grondelle R. Environmental Physics. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2011.

An edited book

1. Gouliamos AD, Andreou J, Kosmidis P, editors. Imaging in Clinical Oncology. Milano: Springer; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Nedumaran T, Arulbalachandran D. Seaweeds: A Promising Source for Sustainable Development. In: Thangavel P, Sridevi G, editors. Environmental Sustainability: Role of Green Technologies. New Delhi: Springer India; 2015. p. 65–88.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Dysphagia.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. NASA Scientists Create Biodegradable Fungus Drone [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/nasa-scientists-create-biodegradable-fungus-drone/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Contractors’ Independent Research and Development. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1975 Sep. Report No.: 094624.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Flannery R. Clustering of Cyclic-Nucleotide-Gated Channels in Olfactory Cilia [Doctoral dissertation]. [Cincinnati, OH]: University of Cincinnati; 2006.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Cooper M, Walsh MW. Public Pensions, Once Off Limits, Face Budget Cuts. New York Times. 2011 Apr 26;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Dysphagia
Abbreviation	Dysphagia
ISSN (print)	0179-051X
ISSN (online)	1432-0460
Scope	Gastroenterology Otorhinolaryngology Speech and Hearing