How to format your references using the Distributed Computing citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Distributed Computing. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Jacobson, M.Z.: Comment on “Radiative absorption enhancements due to the mixing state of atmospheric black carbon.” Science. 339, 393 (2013)

A journal article with 2 authors

Junge, W., Nelson, N.: Structural biology. Nature’s rotary electromotors. Science. 308, 642–644 (2005)

A journal article with 3 authors

Walkden, G., Parker, J., Kelley, S.: A late Triassic impact ejecta layer in southwestern Britain. Science. 298, 2185–2188 (2002)

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Cottrell, R.D., Tarduno, J.A., Sager, W.W., Koppers, A.A.: Late cretaceous true polar wander: not so fast. Science. 288, 2283a (2000)

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Malcolm, D.: The British and Irish Short Story Handbook. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK (2012)

An edited book

Formenti, E., Tagliaferri, R., Wit, E. eds: Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics: 10th International Meeting, CIBB 2013, Nice, France, June 20-22, 2013, Revised Selected Papers. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2014)

A chapter in an edited book

Grasso, G., Iiritano, S., Leone, N., Lio, V., Ricca, F., Scalise, F.: An ASP-Based System for Team-Building in the Gioia-Tauro Seaport. In: Carro, M. and Peña, R. (eds.) Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages: 12th International Symposium, PADL 2010, Madrid, Spain, January 18-19, 2010. Proceedings. pp. 40–42. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2010)

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Distributed Computing.

Blog post

Andrew, E.: Why Do Spikes Form On Ice Cubes?, https://www.iflscience.com/chemistry/why-do-spikes-form-ice-cubes/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: District of Columbia Public Schools: Audit Confirms Reasonableness of Enrollment Count, but Report’s Presentation Is Unclear. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1999)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Khojandi, N.: Investigating Secondary Infections and their Impact on Host Fitness in the Dictyostelium-Burkholderia Symbiosis System, (2017)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Barron, J.: Waiting for a Pastor, Not a Prince, (2016)

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Distributed Computing
Abbreviation	Distrib. Comput.
ISSN (print)	0178-2770
ISSN (online)	1432-0452
Scope	Computational Theory and Mathematics Computer Networks and Communications Hardware and Architecture Theoretical Computer Science

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