How to format your references using the Diseases of the Esophagus citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Diseases of the Esophagus. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Nowotny H. Science and society. High- and low-cost realities for science and society. Science. 2005 May 20;308(5725):1117–8.

A journal article with 2 authors

Trakhtenberg EF, Goldberg JL. Immunology. Neuroimmune communication. Science. 2011 Oct 7;334(6052):47–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

Aubert J, Finlay CC, Fournier A. Bottom-up control of geomagnetic secular variation by the Earth’s inner core. Nature. 2013 Oct 10;502(7470):219–23.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Nonaka S, Shiratori H, Saijoh Y, Hamada H. Determination of left-right patterning of the mouse embryo by artificial nodal flow. Nature. 2002 Jul 4;418(6893):96–9.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Al-Malah KIM. Aspen Plus®. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

Straus J, editor. The Role of Law and Ethics in the Globalized Economy. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. XXI, 177 p. (MPI Studies on Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law; vol. 10).

A chapter in an edited book

Węgliński T, Fabijańska A. Enhancement of Low-Dose CT Brain Scans Using Graph-Based Anisotropic Interpolation. In: S. Choras R, editor. Image Processing and Communications Challenges 5. Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing; 2014. p. 29–36. (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Diseases of the Esophagus.

Blog post

Andrews R. Colossal East Antarctic Glacier Retreating Back To Point Of No Return [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/colossal-east-antarctic-glacier-retreating-back-point-no-return/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Information Technology: DHS Needs to Fully Define and Implement Policies and Procedures for Effectively Managing Investments. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2007 Apr. Report No.: GAO-07-424.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Alexandre KM. Identifying mechanisms regulating Wnt signaling during postembryonic development [Doctoral dissertation]. [Chapel Hill, NC]: University of North Carolina; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Shultz GP, Aspe P. Nafta Needs An Update, Not Repeal. New York Times. 2017 Oct 16;A21.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Diseases of the Esophagus
Abbreviation	Dis. Esophagus
ISSN (print)	1120-8694
ISSN (online)	1442-2050
Scope	General Medicine Gastroenterology

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