How to format your references using the Digestive and Liver Disease citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Digestive and Liver Disease. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Bell AT. The impact of nanoscience on heterogeneous catalysis. Science 2003;299:1688–91.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Schacter DL, Addis DR. Constructive memory: the ghosts of past and future. Nature 2007;445:27.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Khalil AM, Cambier JC, Shlomchik MJ. B cell receptor signal transduction in the GC is short-circuited by high phosphatase activity. Science 2012;336:1178–81.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Li B, Moshfegh C, Lin Z, Albuschies J, Vogel V. Mesenchymal stem cells exploit extracellular matrix as mechanotransducer. Sci Rep 2013;3:2425.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Yu SF. Analysis and Design of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

[1]

Hayat MA, editor. Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells,Volume 3: Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells, Therapeutic Applications in Disease and Injury: Volume 3. vol. 3. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Farhadian CE, Emmons RA. The Psychology of Forgiveness in the World Religions. In: Paloutzian RF, editor. Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Psychological Pathways to Conflict Transformation and Peace Building, New York, NY: Springer; 2010, p. 55–70.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Digestive and Liver Disease.

Blog post

[1]

O`Callaghan J. Japanese Experiment To Clean Up Space Junk In Orbit Encounters Problem. IFLScience 2017. https://www.iflscience.com/space/japanese-experiment-to-clean-up-space-junk-in-orbit-encounters-problem/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Communications: Mobile Subscriber Equipment Testing Issues and Army Improvement Plan. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1989.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Allard L. Exposure to Low-Level Ionizing Radiation and Risk of Leukemia and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in Participants of the Fernald Medical Monitoring Program. Doctoral dissertation. University of Cincinnati, 2006.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Greenhouse L. Justices’ Ruling Limits Lawsuits On Pay Disparity. New York Times 2007:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Digestive and Liver Disease
Abbreviation	Dig. Liver Dis.
ISSN (print)	1590-8658
Scope	Gastroenterology Hepatology