How to format your references using the Digestive and Liver Disease citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Digestive and Liver Disease. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Chalmers M. Cosmology: Out of the darkness. Nature 2012;490:S2-4.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Handschin C, Spiegelman BM. The role of exercise and PGC1alpha in inflammation and chronic disease. Nature 2008;454:463–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Joliveau E, Smith J, Wolfe J. Acoustics: tuning of vocal tract resonance by sopranos. Nature 2004;427:116.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Yang J-Y, Kim M-G, Park J-H, Hong S-T, Lee H-S. Evaluation of benzaldehyde derivatives from Morinda officinalis as anti-mite agents with dual function as acaricide and mite indicator. Sci Rep 2014;4:7149.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Dubin D. Numerical and Analytical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, Using Mathematica. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

[1]

Cazenave T, Costa D, Lopes O, Manásevich R, Rabinowitz P, Ruf B, et al., editors. Contributions to Nonlinear Analysis: A Tribute to D.G. de Figueiredo on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday. vol. 66. Basel: Birkhäuser; 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Kuiper R, Kuijpers-Linde M, Bouwman A. A Sustainable Outlook on the Future of The Netherlands. In: Koomen E, Borsboom-van Beurden J, editors. Land-Use Modelling in Planning Practice, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2011, p. 61–77.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Digestive and Liver Disease.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. GM Apples That Don’t Turn Brown Approved For Growing In US. IFLScience 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/non-browning-gm-apples-approved-growing-us/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Aviation: Comparison of Airline “Customer Service Commitment” With Contracts of Carriage and Federal Law. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Boyer GC. Best Practices for Student Success on the ACT. Doctoral dissertation. Lindenwood University, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Billard M. Tango On the Beach. New York Times 2010:E5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Digestive and Liver Disease
Abbreviation	Dig. Liver Dis.
ISSN (print)	1590-8658
Scope	Gastroenterology Hepatology