How to format your references using the Digestive and Liver Disease citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Digestive and Liver Disease. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Allen RM. Geophysics. Transforming earthquake detection? Science 2012;335:297–8.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Eisenstein JP, Macdonald AH. Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons in bilayer electron systems. Nature 2004;432:691–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Srinivasan V, Pierik AJ, Lill R. Crystal structures of nucleotide-free and glutathione-bound mitochondrial ABC transporter Atm1. Science 2014;343:1137–40.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Gao X, Tao Y, Lamas V, Huang M, Yeh W-H, Pan B, et al. Treatment of autosomal dominant hearing loss by in vivo delivery of genome editing agents. Nature 2018;553:217–21.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Cyr KS. Microsoft® Exchange Server 2010 Administration. Indianapolis, IN, USA: Wiley Publishing, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

[1]

Rojas I, Joya G, Cabestany J, editors. Advances in Computational Intelligence: 12th International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, IWANN 2013, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, June 12-14, 2013, Proceedings, Part II. vol. 7903. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Rosei EA, Salvetti M, Muiesan ML. Ultrasound: Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plaque (2D–3D). In: Agabiti Rosei E, Mancia G, editors. Assessment of Preclinical Organ Damage in Hypertension, Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015, p. 41–50.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Digestive and Liver Disease.

Blog post

[1]

Davis J. Zika Virus May Shrink Testicles And Cause Fertility Problems In Men. IFLScience 2017. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/zika-virus-may-shrink-testicles-and-cause-fertility-problems-in-men/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Small Business Act: NASA’s Disadvantaged Business Advocate Not Reporting to Proper Management Level. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1987.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Abuzainab N. Energy and security aspects of wireless networks: Performance and tradeoffs. Doctoral dissertation. University of Maryland, College Park, 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Sisario B. Bill Murray’s Latest Surprise Career Turn. New York Times 2017:C2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Digestive and Liver Disease
Abbreviation	Dig. Liver Dis.
ISSN (print)	1590-8658
Scope	Gastroenterology Hepatology