How to format your references using the Designs citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Designs. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Szpiro, G. Economics: Value Judgements. Nature 2013, 500, 521–523.

A journal article with 2 authors

Rogers, W.B.; Manoharan, V.N. DNA Nanotechnology. Programming Colloidal Phase Transitions with DNA Strand Displacement. Science 2015, 347, 639–642.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hopkins, A.L.; Witty, M.J.; Nwaka, S. Mission Possible. Nature 2007, 449, 166–169.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Ji, Q.; Luo, Z.-X.; Yuan, C.-X.; Wible, J.R.; Zhang, J.-P.; Georgi, J.A. The Earliest Known Eutherian Mammal. Nature 2002, 416, 816–822.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ibe, E.H. Terrestrial Radiation Effects in ULSI Devices and Electronic Systems; John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd: Singapore, 2014; ISBN 9781118479308.

An edited book

MicroRNA Cancer Regulation: Advanced Concepts, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Tools; Schmitz, U., Wolkenhauer, O., Vera, J., Eds.; Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht, 2013; Vol. 774; ISBN 9789400755895.

A chapter in an edited book

Sivanandam, S.N.; Deepa, S.N. Advanced Operators and Techniques in Genetic Algorithm. In Introduction to Genetic Algorithms; Deepa, S.N., Ed.; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008; pp. 83–104 ISBN 9783540731894.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Designs.

Blog post

Hale, T. What If Physical Diseases Were Treated Like Mental Illnesses? (accessed on 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office Transportation Programs: Opportunities for Oversight and Improved Use of Taxpayer Funds; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2003;

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Puhr, R.A. Evolution of the Sparse Inflorescence1 Lineage in Grasses. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach: Long Beach, CA, 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kenigsberg, B. The Nuptials Are Set. The Groom? TBD. New York Times 2017, C8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Designs
ISSN (online)	2411-9660
Scope