How to format your references using the Customer Needs and Solutions citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Customer Needs and Solutions. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Graham J (2014) Behavior. Morality beyond the lab. Science 345:1242

A journal article with 2 authors

Bravo-Abad J, Soljacić M (2008) Physics. A unified picture of laser physics. Science 320:623–624

A journal article with 3 authors

Casanueva MO, Burga A, Lehner B (2012) Fitness trade-offs and environmentally induced mutation buffering in isogenic C. elegans. Science 335:82–85

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Kim HS, Tan Y, Ma W, et al (2018) Pluripotency factors functionally premark cell-type-restricted enhancers in ES cells. Nature 556:510–514

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Scheringer M (2002) Persistence and Spatial Range of Environmental Chemicals. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, FRG

An edited book

Baldoni M, Chopra AK, Son TC, et al (2016) PRIMA 2016: Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems: 19th International Conference, Phuket, Thailand, August 22-26, 2016, Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Valle M, Zamorani MP (2007) Nerve and Blood Vessels. In: Martinoli C (ed) Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 97–136

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Customer Needs and Solutions.

Blog post

Evans K (2017) Global Warming Could Smash Paris Agreement Target Of 1.5°C In Just 9 Years. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1993) [Comments on FAA Reimbursement of Employees’ Ferry Fares]. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Woods RA (2017) Missouri Legislator and Administrator Perceptions of Federal Government Involvement in Education. Doctoral dissertation, Lindenwood University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vlasic B (2015) U.A.W. Chief Expects Deal on Contract at Chrysler. New York Times B3

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Customer Needs and Solutions
Abbreviation	Cust. Needs Solut.
ISSN (print)	2196-291X
ISSN (online)	2196-2928
Scope