How to format your references using the Customer Needs and Solutions citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Customer Needs and Solutions. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Alberts B (2012) The breakthroughs of 2012. Science 338:1511

A journal article with 2 authors

Shaked Y, Rose A (2013) Microbiology. Seas of superoxide. Science 340:1176–1177

A journal article with 3 authors

Li C, Zhang T, Goldman DI (2013) A terradynamics of legged locomotion on granular media. Science 339:1408–1412

A journal article with 5 or more authors

He L, Sok D, Azadnia P, et al (2014) Toward a more accurate view of human B-cell repertoire by next-generation sequencing, unbiased repertoire capture and single-molecule barcoding. Sci Rep 4:6778

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sarker SD, Nahar L (2007) Chemistry for Pharmacy Students. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., West Sussex, England

An edited book

St. John JC (2013) Mitochondrial DNA, Mitochondria, Disease and Stem Cells. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

A chapter in an edited book

Lauriks S, Reinersmann A, van der Roest HG, et al (2010) Review of ICT-Based Services for Identified Unmet Needs in People with Dementia. In: Mulvenna MD, Nugent CD (eds) Supporting People with Dementia Using Pervasive Health Technologies. Springer, London, pp 37–61

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Customer Needs and Solutions.

Blog post

Andrews R (2015) Ancient Supermassive Black Hole Ejects Major Flare. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/ancient-supermassive-black-hole-ejects-major-flare/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2003) Flexibility Demonstration Programs: Education Needs to Better Target Program Information. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Torres A (2013) An understanding of the first-generation community college student: A strengths and assets approach. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner J (2017) Mets May Start Spring With Outfield As Is. New York Times B12

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Customer Needs and Solutions
Abbreviation	Cust. Needs Solut.
ISSN (print)	2196-291X
ISSN (online)	2196-2928
Scope