How to format your references using the Critical Discourse Studies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Critical Discourse Studies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Xie, Y. (2014). Sociology of science. “Undemocracy”: inequalities in science. Science (New York, N.Y.), 344(6186), 809–810.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sun, Y.-G., & Chen, Z.-F. (2007). A gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mediates the itch sensation in the spinal cord. Nature, 448(7154), 700–703.

A journal article with 3 authors

Frank, F., Sonenberg, N., & Nagar, B. (2010). Structural basis for 5’-nucleotide base-specific recognition of guide RNA by human AGO2. Nature, 465(7299), 818–822.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Hess, M., Sczyrba, A., Egan, R., Kim, T.-W., Chokhawala, H., Schroth, G., Luo, S., Clark, D. S., Chen, F., Zhang, T., Mackie, R. I., Pennacchio, L. A., Tringe, S. G., Visel, A., Woyke, T., Wang, Z., & Rubin, E. M. (2011). Metagenomic discovery of biomass-degrading genes and genomes from cow rumen. Science (New York, N.Y.), 331(6016), 463–467.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Dorsey, J. R. (2009). Y-Size Your Business. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Krapivin, V. F. (2007). Globalization and Sustainable Development: Environmental Agendas (C. A. Varotsos, Ed.). Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

De Paoli, F., Maurino, A., Toma, I., O’Sullivan, J., Tilly, M., & Dobson, G. (2009). Non-Functional Properties and Service Level Agreements in Service-Oriented Computing (NFPSLA-SOC ’07) – Organizers’ Workshop Summary. In E. D. Nitto & M. Ripeanu (Eds.), Service-Oriented Computing - ICSOC 2007 Workshops: ICSOC 2007, International Workshops, Vienna, Austria, September 17, 2007, Revised Selected Papers (pp. 43–44). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Critical Discourse Studies.

Blog post

Hamilton, K. (2016, December 5). Planet Earth II: Why More Than 200,000 Saiga Antelopes Died In Just Days. IFLScience; IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/planet-earth-why-more-than-200000-saiga-antelopes-died-in-just-days/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1971). Examination of Disbursing Transactions, Naval Supply Corps School, Athens, Georgia (092598). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Villa, J. (2017). Multicultural Training for Mental Health Professionals Working in the Juvenile Justice System [Doctoral dissertation]. California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh, M. W. (2012, December 14). Moody’s Downgrade Deepens Puerto Rico’s Economic Problems. New York Times, B9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Xie, 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Sun & Chen, 2007; Xie, 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Sun & Chen, 2007)
Three authors: (Frank et al., 2010)
6 or more authors: (Hess et al., 2011)

About the journal

Full journal title	Critical Discourse Studies
Abbreviation	Crit. Discourse Stud.
ISSN (print)	1740-5904
ISSN (online)	1740-5912
Scope	General Social Sciences