How to format your references using the Critical African Studies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Critical African Studies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ioannidis, John P. A. 2011. “More Time for Research: Fund People Not Projects.” Nature 477 (7366): 529–531.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kuriyan, John, and David Eisenberg. 2007. “The Origin of Protein Interactions and Allostery in Colocalization.” Nature 450 (7172): 983–990.

A journal article with 3 authors

Sempere, T., A. Hartley, and P. Roperch. 2006. “Comment on ‘Rapid Uplift of the Altiplano Revealed through 13C-18O Bonds in Paleosol Carbonates.’” Science (New York, N.Y.) 314 (5800): 760; author reply 760.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Huang, Peng-Ru, Yao He, Chao Cao, and Zheng-Hong Lu. 2014. “Impact of Lattice Distortion and Electron Doping on α-MoO3 Electronic Structure.” Scientific Reports 4 (November): 7131.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Stauffer, Howard B. 2007. Contemporary Bayesian and Frequentist Statistical Research Methods for Natural Resource Scientists. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Stets, Jan E., and Jonathan H. Turner, eds. 2014. Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions: Volume II. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Zwikael, Ofer, and John Smyrk. 2011. “The Project Environment.” In Project Management for the Creation of Organisational Value, edited by John Smyrk, 85–133. London: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Critical African Studies.

Blog post

Andrews, Robin. 2016. “Dinosaurs Saw The World In Shades Of Red.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/dinosaurs-saw-the-world-in-shades-of-red/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1986. ADP Equipment: Revised GSA Strategy for Microcomputer Purchases Can Improve Competition. IMTEC-86-20. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Rabalais, Mark E. 2014. “STEAM: A National Study of the Integration of the Arts Into STEM Instruction and Its Impact on Student Achievement.” Doctoral dissertation, Lafayette, LA: University of Louisiana.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner, James. 2017. “Mets Have Little Time To Get Into Wild-Card Race.” New York Times, June 21.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Ioannidis 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Ioannidis 2011; Kuriyan and Eisenberg 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Kuriyan and Eisenberg 2007)
Three authors: (Sempere, Hartley, and Roperch 2006)
4 or more authors: (Huang et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Critical African Studies
Abbreviation	Crit. Afr. Stud.
ISSN (print)	2168-1392
ISSN (online)	2040-7211
Scope	General Arts and Humanities General Social Sciences