How to format your references using the Crime, Law and Social Change citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Crime, Law and Social Change. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Jungmann, K. P. (2015). Particle physics: Matter and antimatter scrutinized. Nature, 524(7564), 168–169.

A journal article with 2 authors

Treves, A., & Bruskotter, J. (2014). Ecology. Tolerance for predatory wildlife. Science (New York, N.Y.), 344(6183), 476–477.

A journal article with 3 authors

Tritsch, N. X., Ding, J. B., & Sabatini, B. L. (2012). Dopaminergic neurons inhibit striatal output through non-canonical release of GABA. Nature, 490(7419), 262–266.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Gao, Y., Ferguson, D. O., Xie, W., Manis, J. P., Sekiguchi, J., Frank, K. M., … Alt, F. W. (2000). Interplay of p53 and DNA-repair protein XRCC4 in tumorigenesis, genomic stability and development. Nature, 404(6780), 897–900.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Matthews, C. (1998). A Practical Guide to Engineering Failure Investigation. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Chattopadhyay, S. (2011). Electric Power Quality. (M. Mitra & S. Sengupta, Eds.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Palesi, M., Holsmark, R., Kumar, S., & Catania, V. (2011). Application-Specific Routing Algorithms for Low Power Network on Chip Design. In C. Silvano, M. Lajolo, & G. Palermo (Eds.), Low Power Networks-on-Chip (pp. 113–150). Boston, MA: Springer US.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Crime, Law and Social Change.

Blog post

Evans, K. (2017, April 6). Planet Earth Has Over 60,000 Species Of Trees, Reveals New Global Database. IFLScience. IFLScience. Retrieved October 30, 2018, from https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/planet-earth-has-over-60000-species-of-trees-reveals-new-global-database/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1988). Space Shuttle: Changes to the Solid Rocket Motor Contract (No. NSIAD-88-203). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Morr, R. (2015). Age Discrimination: Prejudice Suppression in the Selection Process (Doctoral dissertation). Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh, M. W. (2010, September 2). State Pension Fund Faces Shortfall, Candidate Says. New York Times, p. A30.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Crime, Law and Social Change
Abbreviation	Crime Law Soc. Change
ISSN (print)	0925-4994
ISSN (online)	1573-0751
Scope	Pathology and Forensic Medicine General Social Sciences Law