How to format your references using the Crime, Law and Social Change citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Crime, Law and Social Change. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Scott, A. R. (2014). Stem cells: creating a cure-all. Nature, 515(7526), S14-5.

A journal article with 2 authors

Saavedra, S., & Stouffer, D. B. (2013). “Disentangling nestedness” disentangled. Nature, 500(7463), E1-2.

A journal article with 3 authors

Neale, M. J., Pan, J., & Keeney, S. (2005). Endonucleolytic processing of covalent protein-linked DNA double-strand breaks. Nature, 436(7053), 1053–1057.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Xie, G., Shen, Y., Wei, X., Yang, L., Xiao, H., Zhong, J., & Zhang, G. (2014). A bond-order theory on the phonon scattering by vacancies in two-dimensional materials. Scientific reports, 4, 5085.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Church, R. L., & Murray, A. T. (2008). Business Site Selection, Location Analysis and GIS. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Kwok-bun, C. (2011). Mobile Chinese Entrepreneurs. (C. Wai-wan, Ed.) (1st ed.). New York, NY: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Byun, J. S. (jason), & Kwak, Y. (2009). The Scanner Data Shows Size Elasticity at Package Food Category? In D. Ślęzak, T.-H. Kim, J. Ma, W.-C. Fang, F. E. Sandnes, B.-H. Kang, & B. Gu (Eds.), U- and E-Service, Science and Technology: International Conference, UNESST 2009, Held as Part of the Future Generation Information Technology Conference, FGIT 2009, Jeju Island, Korea, December 10-12, 2009. Proceedings (pp. 19–24). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Crime, Law and Social Change.

Blog post

Andrew, E. (2013, October 23). Things in space that could kill us. IFLScience. IFLScience. Retrieved October 30, 2018, from https://www.iflscience.com/space/things-space-could-kill-us/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1996). Content Analysis: A Methodology for Structuring and Analyzing Written Material (No. PEMD-10.3.1). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lindemann-Litzsinger, C. (2017). Investigating the Possible Relationship Between Participation in High School Athletics and First-Generation College Student Persistence to College Graduation (Doctoral dissertation). Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Shpigel, B. (2017, March 20). Pro Football; Jets Sign McCown. New York Times, p. B10.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Crime, Law and Social Change
Abbreviation	Crime Law Soc. Change
ISSN (print)	0925-4994
ISSN (online)	1573-0751
Scope	Pathology and Forensic Medicine General Social Sciences Law