How to format your references using the Computers in Biology and Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Computers in Biology and Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

V. Freger, MEMBRANES. Outperforming nature’s membranes, Science. 348 (2015) 1317–1318.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

M.A. Fischbach, C.T. Walsh, Biochemistry. Directing biosynthesis, Science. 314 (2006) 603–605.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

G. Bai, Y. Zhang, J. Hao, Tuning of near-infrared luminescence of SrTiO3:Ni2+ thin films grown on piezoelectric PMN-PT via strain engineering, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 5724.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

L. Yu, Y. Zhang, B. Zhang, J. Liu, Enhanced antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles/halloysite nanotubes/graphene nanocomposites with sandwich-like structure, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 4551.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

L.A. Belfiore, Physical Properties of Macromolecules, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2010.

An edited book

[1]

L. Kovács, N. Fuhr, C. Meghini, eds., Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries: 11th European Conference, ECDL 2007, Budapest, Hungary, September 16-21, 2007. Proceedings, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

M. Dąbrowski, M. Drabik, M. Trzaska, K. Subieta, Prototype of Object-Oriented Declarative Workflows, in: N.T. Nguyen, C.-G. Kim, A. Janiak (Eds.), Intelligent Information and Database Systems: Third International Conference, ACIIDS 2011, Daegu, Korea, April 20-22, 2011, Proceedings, Part I, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011: pp. 47–56.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Computers in Biology and Medicine.

Blog post

[1]

J. Fang, Woody Vines Reduce A Forest’s Ability To Buffer Climate Change, IFLScience. (2015). https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/woody-vines-reduce-forests-ability-buffer-climate-change/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, GAO Role in the Evaluation of Federally Funded Education Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1972.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

W.J. Unison-Pace, Investigating generational differences of perceived uncivilized behaviors between students and faculty in nursing education, Doctoral dissertation, Capella University, 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

K. Kelly, A. Stevenson, Capital Drama Rattles Wall St. And Stocks Dive, New York Times. (2017) A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Computers in Biology and Medicine
Abbreviation	Comput. Biol. Med.
ISSN (print)	0010-4825
Scope	Computer Science Applications Health Informatics

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