How to format your references using the Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Engelhardt B. Neuroscience. Blood-brain barrier differentiation. Science. 2011;334:1652-1653.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Heinberg R, Fridley D. The end of cheap coal. Nature. 2010;468:367-369.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Shin C, Feng Y, Manley JL. Dephosphorylated SRp38 acts as a splicing repressor in response to heat shock. Nature. 2004;427:553-558.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

1. Yoder CF, Konopliv AS, Yuan DN, Standish EM, Folkner WM. Fluid core size of Mars from detection of the solar tide. Science. 2003;300:299-303.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Rouse WB. Universities as Complex Enterprises. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2016.

An edited book

1. Damiani E, Yétongnon K, Schelkens P, Dipanda A, Legrand L, Chbeir R eds. Signal Processing for Image Enhancement and Multimedia Processing. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

1. DeBlasio D, Bruand J, Zhang S. PMFastR: A New Approach to Multiple RNA Structure Alignment. In: Salzberg SL, Warnow T, eds. Algorithms in Bioinformatics: 9th International Workshop, WABI 2009, Philadelphia, PA, USA, September 12-13, 2009. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009:49-61.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research.

Blog post

1. Luntz S. Papua New Guinea Revealed To Have World’s Tallest High-Altitude Forests. IFLScience. 2017. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/papua-new-guinea-revealed-to-have-worlds-tallest-highaltitude-forests/ [Accessed October 30, 2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. U.S. Launch Enterprise: Acquisition Best Practices Can Benefit Future Efforts. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2014.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Gittens BE. Perceptions of the applicability of transformational leadership behavior to the leader role of academic department chairs: A study of selected universities in Virginia. 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Feeney K. QUICK BITE/Cranford; Endless Options in a Wrap. New York Times. 2006:14NJ10.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [2].
This sentence cites two references [2, 4].
This sentence cites four references [2, 4, 6, 8].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
Abbreviation	Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.
ISSN (print)	0009-921X
ISSN (online)	1528-1132
Scope	General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine