How to format your references using the Clinical Management Issues citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Management Issues (CMI). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Jablonski D. Extinction: past and present. Nature 2004; 427: 589;

A journal article with 2 authors

Toffelmier DA, Tyburczy JA. Electromagnetic detection of a 410-km-deep melt layer in the southwestern United States. Nature 2007; 447: 991-94;

A journal article with 3 authors

Baldwin MP, Dameris M, Shepherd TG. Atmosphere. How will the stratosphere affect climate change? Science 2007; 316: 1576-77;

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Guo Y, Walther TC, Rao M, et al. Functional genomic screen reveals genes involved in lipid-droplet formation and utilization. Nature 2008; 453: 657-61;

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bender HF. Das Gefahrstoffbuch. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2002

An edited book

Zeng Z. Dendritic Cells: Biophysics, Tumor Microenvironment and Chinese Traditional Medicine. Xu X, Chen D, eds. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2015

A chapter in an edited book

Sternberg RJ. A Model for Instruction and Assessment of Cognitive Readiness. In: O’Neil HF, Perez RS, Baker EL, eds. Teaching and Measuring Cognitive Readiness. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2014:71-92.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Management Issues.

Blog post

Carpineti A. Scientists Crack The Secret To Graphene’s Superconductivity. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/scientists-crack-the-secret-to-graphene-s-superconductivity/. Published January 19, 2017. Accessed October 30, 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Aviation Competition: Information on the Department of Transportation’s Proposed Policy. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Malherek MN. The Prevalence and Predictors of Parental Corporal Punishment in the United States. 2016;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Murphy MJO. Beyond the Whimsy, Sushi With Ambition. New York Times 2013: LI7;

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Management Issues
ISSN (print)	1973-4832
ISSN (online)	2283-3137
Scope