How to format your references using the Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine (CJSM). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Keitt TH. Coherent ecological dynamics induced by large-scale disturbance. Nature. 2008;454:331–334.

A journal article with 2 authors

Funk JL, Vitousek PM. Resource-use efficiency and plant invasion in low-resource systems. Nature. 2007;446:1079–1081.

A journal article with 3 authors

Harris GC, Wimmer M, Aston-Jones G. A role for lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward seeking. Nature. 2005;437:556–559.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Yoder AD, Burns MM, Zehr S, et al. Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor. Nature. 2003;421:734–737.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Coulson J. Sustainable Use of Wood in Construction. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.

An edited book

Plemenos D. Visual Complexity and Intelligent Computer Graphics Techniques Enhancements. vol. 200. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

Hussain M, Muhammad S, Malik RN, et al. Status of Heavy Metal Residues in Fish Species of Pakistan. In: Whitacre David M., ed. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology volume: With Cumulative and Comprehensive Index Subjects Covered Volumes 221-230: Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014: 111–132.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine.

Blog post

Evans K. Coral Fish Are Less Stressed When They Find Their Shoal Mates. IFLScience. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/coral-fish-are-less-stressed-when-they-find-their-shoal-mates/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Information Technology: Best Practices Can Improve Performance and Produce Results. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1996.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McLeod DJ. From fear to freedom: Overcoming obstacles and living truthfully in a role. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly C. Writer’s Body Is Weaker, But Voice Remains Strong. New York Times. 2011:A29B.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
Abbreviation	Clin. J. Sport Med.
ISSN (print)	1050-642X
ISSN (online)	1536-3724
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation