How to format your references using the Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (CGH). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ott E. Obituary: Edward N. Lorenz (1917-2008). Nature 2008;453:300.

A journal article with 2 authors

Castaneda J, Matzuk MM. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY. Toward a rapid and reversible male pill. Science 2015;350:385-386.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ince DC, Hatton L, Graham-Cumming J. The case for open computer programs. Nature 2012;482:485-488.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Aziz EF, Ottosson N, Faubel M, et al. Interaction between liquid water and hydroxide revealed by core-hole de-excitation. Nature 2008;455:89-91.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cunningham V. Victorian Poetry Now. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011.

An edited book

Ammari HM, ed. The Art of Wireless Sensor Networks: Volume 2: Advanced Topics and Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Guzman MI. Abiotic Photosynthesis: From Prebiotic Chemistry to Metabolism. In: Egel R, Lankenau D-H, Mulkidjanian AY, eds. Origins of Life: The Primal Self-Organization. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2011:85-105.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.

Blog post

Andrew E. Clumps Of Alzheimer’s-Associated Molecule Found In Young Adult Brains. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/clumps-alzheimers-associated-molecule-found-young-adult-brains/. Published March 2, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Triennial Assessment of the Tennessee Valley Authority--Fiscal Years 1977-1979. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Conti MJ. The online teaching skills and best practices of virtual classroom teachers: A mixed method Delphi study. 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow L. Brookhaven Lab Avoids Cuts in Budget. New York Times. March 25, 2007:14LI2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Abbreviation	Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.
ISSN (print)	1542-3565
ISSN (online)	1542-7714
Scope	Gastroenterology Hepatology