How to format your references using the Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (CGH). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Alon U. Biological networks: the tinkerer as an engineer. Science 2003;301:1866-1867.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hannonen M, Sundström L. Sociobiology: Worker nepotism among polygynous ants. Nature 2003;421:910.

A journal article with 3 authors

Wallace GG, Moulton SE, Clark GM. Applied physics. Electrode-cellular interface. Science 2009;324:185-186.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Smith KL Jr, Robison BH, Helly JJ, et al. Free-drifting icebergs: hot spots of chemical and biological enrichment in the Weddell Sea. Science 2007;317:478-482.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bottomley GE. Channel Equalization for Wireless Communications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011.

An edited book

Dwivedi YK, Wade MR, Schneberger SL, eds. Information Systems Theory: Explaining and Predicting Our Digital Society, Vol. 1. Vol 28. New York, NY: Springer, 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Ryan PYA. The Computer Ate My Vote. In: Boca P, Bowen JP, Siddiqi J, eds. Formal Methods: State of the Art and New Directions. London: Springer, 2010:147-184.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.

Blog post

Luntz S. Tiny Marine Creatures Reveal The Environmental Limits To Diversity. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/tiny-marine-creatures-reveal-the-environmental-limits-to-diversity/. Published June 14, 2016. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Airport Finance: Using Airport Grant Funds for Security Projects Has Affected Some Development Projects. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Martinez V. The relationship between visit to a doctor and the health behaviors of children. 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kishkovsky S. Filmmaker From Ukraine Sent to Prison by Russians. New York Times. August 26, 2015:A6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Abbreviation	Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.
ISSN (print)	1542-3565
ISSN (online)	1542-7714
Scope	Gastroenterology Hepatology