How to format your references using the Classroom Discourse citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Classroom Discourse. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hatten, Mary E. 2002. “New Directions in Neuronal Migration.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 297 (5587): 1660–1663.

A journal article with 2 authors

Regev, Aviv, and Ehud Shapiro. 2002. “Cells as Computation.” Nature 419 (6905): 343.

A journal article with 3 authors

Kim, Hong Koo, George W. Hanson, and David A. Geller. 2013. “Chemistry. Are Gold Clusters in RF Fields Hot or Not?” Science (New York, N.Y.) 340 (6131): 441–442.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Kumar, Abhishek, Ananyo Maitra, Madhuresh Sumit, Sriram Ramaswamy, and G. V. Shivashankar. 2014. “Actomyosin Contractility Rotates the Cell Nucleus.” Scientific Reports 4 (January): 3781.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Oden, J. Tinsley. 2011. An Introduction to Mathematical Modeling. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Demmig-Adams, Barbara, William W. Adams, and Autar K. Mattoo, eds. 2006. Photoprotection, Photoinhibition, Gene Regulation, and Environment. Vol. 21. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Asrani, Rajesh. 2015. “Economic Implications of Intellectual Property Rights in Evolving Markets.” In Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: Perspectives from Emerging Economies, edited by Mathew J. Manimala and Kishinchand Poornima Wasdani, 109–131. New Delhi: Springer India.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Classroom Discourse.

Blog post

Hamilton, Kristy. 2016. “A 700,000-Year-Old Fossil Find Shows The Hobbits’ Ancestors Were Even Smaller.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/a-700000-year-old-fossil-find-shows-the-hobbits-ancestors-were-even-smaller/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1996. AIP Funding for the Nation’s Largest Airports. RCED-96-219R. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Clayton-Clark, Candi. 2012. “Academic Performance Strategies Implemented by Successful California Superintendents in Low-Performing School Districts.” Doctoral dissertation, Malibu, CA: Pepperdine University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Leibovich, Mark. 2013. “The Redemption of the Slugger.” New York Times, October 4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Hatten 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Hatten 2002; Regev and Shapiro 2002).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Regev and Shapiro 2002)
Three authors: (Kim, Hanson, and Geller 2013)
4 or more authors: (Kumar et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Classroom Discourse
ISSN (print)	1946-3014
ISSN (online)	1946-3022
Scope