How to format your references using the Classroom Discourse citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Classroom Discourse. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Stearns, Tim. 2015. “Cell Biology. Centrioles, in Absentia.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 348 (6239): 1091–1092.

A journal article with 2 authors

Li, Wenle, and John Y. Walz. 2014. “Porous Nanocomposites with Integrated Internal Domains: Application to Separation Membranes.” Scientific Reports 4 (March): 4418.

A journal article with 3 authors

Nagashima, Kazuhide, Alexander N. Krot, and Hisayoshi Yurimoto. 2004. “Stardust Silicates from Primitive Meteorites.” Nature 428 (6986): 921–924.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Petrovic, Predrag, Eija Kalso, Karl Magnus Petersson, and Martin Ingvar. 2002. “Placebo and Opioid Analgesia-- Imaging a Shared Neuronal Network.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 295 (5560): 1737–1740.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bai, Ying. 2010. Practical Database Programming with Visual C#.NET. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Law, Pui-Lam, ed. 2012. New Connectivities in China: Virtual, Actual and Local Interactions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Okazaki, Toshiya, and Hisanori Shinohara. 2005. “Nano-Peapods Encapsulating Fullerenes.” In Applied Physics of Carbon Nanotubes: Fundamentals of Theory, Optics and Transport Devices, edited by Slava V. Rotkin and Shekhar Subramoney, 133–150. NanoScience and Technology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Classroom Discourse.

Blog post

Andrew, Elise. 2014. “New Material Could Be Both A Solar Cell And Display Screen.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/new-material-could-be-both-solar-cell-and-display-screen/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1984. Compensation by 12 Aerospace Contractors. NSIAD-85-1. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Green, David J. 2010. “Shoulder Functional Anatomy and Development – Implications for Interpreting Early Hominin Locomotion.” Doctoral dissertation, Washington, DC: George Washington University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Waldman, John. 2017. “Thoreau’s Distressing Canoe Trip.” New York Times, July 12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Stearns 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Stearns 2015; Li and Walz 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Li and Walz 2014)
Three authors: (Nagashima, Krot, and Yurimoto 2004)
4 or more authors: (Petrovic et al. 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Classroom Discourse
ISSN (print)	1946-3014
ISSN (online)	1946-3022
Scope