How to format your references using the Cancer Cell International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Cancer Cell International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Garwood R. Uprooting researchers can drive them out of science. Nature. 2014;510:313.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Dekel E, Alon U. Optimality and evolutionary tuning of the expression level of a protein. Nature. 2005;436:588–92.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Doeller CF, Barry C, Burgess N. Evidence for grid cells in a human memory network. Nature. 2010;463:657–61.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Huang X, Zhao Y, Ao Z, Wang G. Micelle-template synthesis of nitrogen-doped mesoporous graphene as an efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for hydrogen production. Sci Rep. 2014;4:7557.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Rémond Y, Ahzi S, Baniassadi M, Garmestani H. Applied RVE Reconstruction and Homogenization of Heterogeneous Materials. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

1. Marcus A, editor. Design, User Experience, and Usability. User Experience Design Practice: Third International Conference, DUXU 2014, Held as Part of HCI International 2014, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 22-27, 2014, Proceedings, Part IV. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Giangrande PLF. nvCJD and Blood Products in the UK. In: Scharrer I, Schramm W, editors. 35th Hemophilia Symposium: Hamburg 2004. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006. p. 29–32.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Cancer Cell International.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. What Does It Look Like When A Person Gets Struck By Lightning? [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/what-does-it-look-when-person-gets-struck-lightning/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Highlights of an Expert Panel: The Benefits and Costs of Highway and Transit Investments. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005 May. Report No.: GAO-05-423SP.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Stewart DA. Principals’ post-observation feedback and its influence on teacher professional growth at two Southern California Catholic high schools [Doctoral dissertation]. [Malibu, CA]: Pepperdine University; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Saslow L. Where Scientists Are Made. New York Times. 2006 Jan 29;14LI1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Cancer Cell International
Abbreviation	Cancer Cell Int.
ISSN (online)	1475-2867
Scope	Cancer Research Genetics Oncology