How to format your references using the British Journal of Pain citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for British Journal of Pain. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Clawson D. Infrastructure. Tenure and the future of the university. Science 2009; 324: 1147–1148.

A journal article with 2 authors

Doyle J, Csete M. Rules of engagement. Nature 2007; 446: 860.

A journal article with 3 authors

Schefuss E, Schouten S, Schneider RR. Climatic controls on central African hydrology during the past 20,000 years. Nature 2005; 437: 1003–1006.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Xia Z, Zhang Y, Molokeev MS, et al. Linear structural evolution induced tunable photoluminescence in clinopyroxene solid-solution phosphors. Sci Rep 2013; 3: 3310.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Braudeau E, Assi AT, Mohtar RH. Hydrostructural Pedology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016.

An edited book

Bouabana-Tebibel T, Rubin SH (eds). Formalisms for Reuse and Systems Integration. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Choi I, Kim D. Multi-scale Integral Modified Census Transform for Eye Detection. In: Bebis G, Boyle R, Parvin B, et al. (eds) Advances in Visual Computing: 8th International Symposium, ISVC 2012, Rethymnon, Crete, Greece, July 16-18, 2012, Revised Selected Papers, Part II. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2012, pp. 41–50.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for British Journal of Pain.

Blog post

Hale T. Biologists Discover New ‘Silver Boa’ Species Of Snake On Remote Caribbean Island. IFLScience, https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/biologists-discover-silver-boa-remote-caribbean-island/ (2016, accessed 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Job Training Partnership Act: Youth Participant Characteristics, Services, and Outcomes. HRD-90-46BR, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 24 January 1990.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lastica JR. Why Do They Stay? A Phenomenological Study of Secondary Science Teacher Experiences. Doctoral Dissertation, George Washington University, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gabler E, Dougherty C. Woman ‘Madly in Love’ With the Gunman Says She Was Unaware of His Plans. New York Times, 4 October 2017, p. A15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	British Journal of Pain
Abbreviation	Br. J. Pain
ISSN (print)	2049-4637
ISSN (online)	2049-4645
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine