How to format your references using the British Journal of Pain citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for British Journal of Pain. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

McNally EM. Genetics: broken giant linked to heart failure. Nature 2012; 483: 281–282.

A journal article with 2 authors

Bellwood P, White P. Domesticated pigs in eastern Indonesia. Science 2005; 309: 381; author reply 381.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lee KJ, Dietrich P, Jessell TM. Genetic ablation reveals that the roof plate is essential for dorsal interneuron specification. Nature 2000; 403: 734–740.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Shrivastava B, Jain KK, Kalra A, et al. Bioprocessing of wheat straw into nutritionally rich and digested cattle feed. Sci Rep 2014; 4: 6360.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Zink M. Scalable Video on Demand. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., 2005.

An edited book

Foster L, Woodthorpe K (eds). Death and Social Policy in Challenging Times. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Manias E, Utracki LA. Thermodynamics of Polymer Blends. In: Utracki LA, Wilkie CA (eds) Polymer Blends Handbook. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014, pp. 171–289.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for British Journal of Pain.

Blog post

Andrews R. These Maps Reveal How Vulnerable Your State Is To Earthquakes. IFLScience, https://www.iflscience.com/environment/maps-vulnerable-state-earthquakes/ (2016, accessed 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Resources, Community, and Economic Development Information Systems Issue Area: Active Assignments. AA-95-35(3), Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1 July 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sikorsky AA. Concentration enhancement and device fabrication for the improved performance of gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Grynbaum MM, Steel E. Hannity Defends Fox News Leader. New York Times, 28 April 2017, p. B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	British Journal of Pain
Abbreviation	Br. J. Pain
ISSN (print)	2049-4637
ISSN (online)	2049-4645
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine