How to format your references using the Brain citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Brain. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Rotblat J. ESSAYS ON SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: Taking Responsibility. Science 2000; 289: 729.

A journal article with 2 authors

Skourtis SS, Beratan DN. Biochemistry. Photosynthesis from the protein’s perspective. Science 2007; 316: 703–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

Aurelio O, Hall DH, Hobert O. Immunoglobulin-domain proteins required for maintenance of ventral nerve cord organization. Science 2002; 295: 686–90.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Suzuki H, Imura J-I, Horio Y, Aihara K. Chaotic Boltzmann machines. Sci Rep 2013; 3: 1610.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Attoh-Okine NO. Big Data and Differential Privacy. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2017

An edited book

Computational Intelligence and Decision Making: Trends and Applications. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2013

A chapter in an edited book

Delgado SV, Strawn JR, Pedapati EV. Key Concepts in Two-Person Relational Psychology. In: Strawn JR, Pedapati EV, editor(s). Contemporary Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents: Integrating Intersubjectivity and Neuroscience. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2015. p. 79–113

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Brain.

Blog post

Davis J. Tea Consumption Might Alter Gene Expression In Women, But Not Men [Internet]. IFLScience 2017[cited 2018 Oct 30] Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/tea-consumption-might-alter-gene-expression-in-women-but-not-men/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Mass Transit Grants: Development Time Frames for Selected UMTA Projects. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1991

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Senaga KA. Tasteless, cheap, and southern? The rise and decline of the farm-raised catfish industry. 2016

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Brantley B. A Playwright Intent on Naming, and Goading, the Beast Within. New York Times 2016: C2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Rotblat, 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Rotblat, 2000; Skourtis and Beratan, 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Skourtis and Beratan, 2007)
Three or more authors: (Suzuki et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Brain
Abbreviation	Brain
ISSN (print)	0006-8950
ISSN (online)	1460-2156
Scope	Clinical Neurology