How to format your references using the Brain citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Brain. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Rempe G. Quantum optics. A photon steers a photon with an atom. Science. 2014;345(6199):871.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hemberger M, Pedersen R. Stem cells. Epigenome disruptors. Science. 2010;330(6004):598-599.

A journal article with 3 authors

Zhang Q, Piston DW, Goodman RH. Regulation of corepressor function by nuclear NADH. Science. 2002;295(5561):1895-1897.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Palombo M, Gabrielli A, Servedio VDP, Ruocco G, Capuani S. Structural disorder and anomalous diffusion in random packing of spheres. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2631.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Shafer DA. Hazardous Materials Characterization. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

Suzuki Y. Tactile Score: A Knowledge Media for Tactile Sense. (Suzuki R, ed.). Springer Japan; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Xiao W, Chu W, Lü Z, Ye T, Liu G, Cui S. A Population-Based Strategic Oscillation Algorithm for Linear Ordering Problem with Cumulative Costs. In: Middendorf M, Blum C, eds. Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization: 13th European Conference, EvoCOP 2013, Vienna, Austria, April 3-5, 2013. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2013:49-60.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Brain.

Blog post

Andrew D. We’ve Calculated The Environmental Cost Of A Loaf Of Bread – And What to Do About It. IFLScience. March 9, 2017. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/weve-calculated-the-environmental-cost-of-a-loaf-of-bread-and-what-to-do-about-it/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Space Station: U.S. Life-Cycle Funding Requirements. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1998.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Jordan AD. Measuring the Efficacy of a Ninth Grade Academy on Students with Disabilities. Doctoral dissertation. Capella University; 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wines M. 3 Lawsuits Filed Against White House Panel on Voter Fraud. New York Times. July 10, 2017:A16.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Brain
Abbreviation	Brain
ISSN (print)	0006-8950
ISSN (online)	1460-2156
Scope	Clinical Neurology