How to format your references using the Brain citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Brain. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Baker DN. Space science. How to cope with space weather. Science 2002; 297: 1486–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Swetter SM, Geller AC. Perspective: catch melanoma early. Nature 2014; 515: S117.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bustamante C, Bryant Z, Smith SB. Ten years of tension: single-molecule DNA mechanics. Nature 2003; 421: 423–7.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Spengler D, van Roermund HLM, Drury MR, Ottolini L, Mason PRD, Davies GR. Deep origin and hot melting of an Archaean orogenic peridotite massif in Norway. Nature 2006; 440: 913–7.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cardon A, Itmi M. New Autonomous Systems. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016

An edited book

Web Engineering: 13th International Conference, ICWE 2013, Aalborg, Denmark, July 8-12, 2013. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013

A chapter in an edited book

Krasińska M, Krasiński ZA. Aspects of the Genetics of European Bison. In: Krasiński ZA, editor(s). European Bison: The Nature Monograph. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013. p. 35–40

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Brain.

Blog post

Hale T. The Last Few Quito Rocket Frogs Might Be Wiped Out By Volcano [Internet]. IFLScience 2015[cited 2018 Oct 30] Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/last-few-quito-rocket-frogs-might-be-wiped-out-volcano/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. DOD’s Data Banks on Contractors’ Independent Research and Development Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1973

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

DeHart WP. The leader liminal sphere: A phenomenological inquiry. 2008

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly SR. A Bend in the River. New York Times 2013: A35.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Baker, 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Baker, 2002; Swetter and Geller, 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Swetter and Geller, 2014)
Three or more authors: (Spengler et al., 2006)

About the journal

Full journal title	Brain
Abbreviation	Brain
ISSN (print)	0006-8950
ISSN (online)	1460-2156
Scope	Clinical Neurology