How to format your references using the BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Hoag H. Molecular biology: Marked progress. Nature. 2015;527:S114-5.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Yeeles JTP, Marians KJ. The Escherichia coli replisome is inherently DNA damage tolerant. Science. 2011;334:235–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Kärkäs MD, Matsuura BS, Stephenson CRJ. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Enchained by visible light-mediated photoredox catalysis. Science. 2015;349:1285–6.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Tsutsui M, Morikawa T, Arima A, Taniguchi M. Thermoelectricity in atom-sized junctions at room temperatures. Sci Rep. 2013;3:3326.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Horrocks G. Greek. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.

An edited book

1. Monti MM, Sannita WG, editors. Brain Function and Responsiveness in Disorders of Consciousness. 1st ed. 2016. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Yen J-Y, Yor M. Brownian Excursion Theory: A First Approach. In: Yor M, editor. Local Times and Excursion Theory for Brownian Motion: A Tale of Wiener and Itô Measures. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2013. p. 57–64.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making.

Blog post

1. Andrew D. How ‘Neurosexism’ Is Holding Back Gender Equality – And Science Itself. IFLScience. 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/how-neurosexism-is-holding-back-gender-equality-and-science-itself/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Postsecondary Education: College and University Endowments Have Shown Long-Term Growth, While Size, Restrictions, and Distributions Vary. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2010.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Williams A. Kindergarten through third grade reading tutors in Northeast Mississippi. Doctoral dissertation. Mississippi State University; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Shpigel B. After Simmering and Stewing, Brady Returns to Roast the Browns. New York Times. 2016;:D1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making
Abbreviation	BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak.
ISSN (online)	1472-6947
Scope	Health Informatics Health Policy