How to format your references using the BMC Anesthesiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for BMC Anesthesiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Le Quéré C. Journal club. An oceanographer marvels at the good timing of shrimp. Nature. 2009;461:1031.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Foster DJ, Wilson MA. Reverse replay of behavioural sequences in hippocampal place cells during the awake state. Nature. 2006;440:680–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Duijn PAC, Kashirin V, Sloot PMA. The relative ineffectiveness of criminal network disruption. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4238.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Prabhakar S, Noonan JP, Pääbo S, Rubin EM. Accelerated evolution of conserved noncoding sequences in humans. Science. 2006;314:786.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Ocic O. Oil Refineries in the 21st Century. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2004.

An edited book

1. Nõges T, Eckmann R, Kangur K, Nõges P, Reinart A, Roll G, et al., editors. European Large Lakes Ecosystem changes and their ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Maher CA, Sran MK, Yankelewitz D. Building an Inductive Argument. In: Maher CA, Powell AB, Uptegrove EB, editors. Combinatorics and Reasoning: Representing, Justifying and Building Isomorphisms. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2010. p. 45–57.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for BMC Anesthesiology.

Blog post

1. Fang J. 34-Million-Year-Old Fossils Link Penguin Brain Evolution With Underwater Flight. IFLScience. 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/34-million-year-old-fossils-link-penguin-brain-evolution-underwater-flight/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Army Aviation: Modernization Strategy Needs to Be Reassessed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1994.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Augeri JE. Supportive Services for Homeless Veteran Women: Policy Implementation and Discretionary Practices of Those at the Front-Lines of Public Service. Doctoral dissertation. George Washington University; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Wilson M. An Unconventional Witness. New York Times. 2017;:A2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	BMC Anesthesiology
Abbreviation	BMC Anesthesiol.
ISSN (online)	1471-2253
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine

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