How to format your references using the Biofilm citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Biofilm. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Laming JM. Astrophysics: Lopsided stellar death. Nature 2014;506:298–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Wright CW, Duckett CS. The aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator alters CD30-mediated NF-kappaB-dependent transcription. Science 2009;323:251–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Kremer M, Brannen C, Glennerster R. The challenge of education and learning in the developing world. Science 2013;340:297–300.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Watanabe O, Jouzel J, Johnsen S, Parrenin F, Shoji H, Yoshida N. Homogeneous climate variability across East Antarctica over the past three glacial cycles. Nature 2003;422:509–12.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Gilhus NE, Barnes MP, Brainin M. European Handbook of Neurological Management. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.

An edited book

[1]

Cao F. A Theory of Shape Identification. vol. 1948. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Nieuwstadt FTM. The atmospheric boundary layer. In: Armenio V, Sarkar S, editors. Environmental Stratified Flows, Vienna: Springer; 2005, p. 179–232.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Biofilm.

Blog post

[1]

Hale T. What The Hell Is This Prehistoric-Looking Prawn Fish? IFLScience 2017.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Fiscal Year 2007 Performance Plans. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2006.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Sripinit T. How Much Do We Understand About Asymmetric Effects of Monetary Policy? Doctoral dissertation. University of North Carolina, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Murphy MJO. Friday File. New York Times 2015:C36.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Biofilm
ISSN (print)	2590-2075
Scope