How to format your references using the Biofilm citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Biofilm. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Humphries C. Genetics: Profiling a shape-shifter. Nature 2011;480:S50-1.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Gray RD, Jordan FM. Language trees support the express-train sequence of Austronesian expansion. Nature 2000;405:1052–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Lee CC, Hu Y, Ribbe MW. Vanadium nitrogenase reduces CO. Science 2010;329:642.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Tang K, Zhang Y, Yu M, Shi X, Coenye T, Bossier P, et al. Evaluation of a new high-throughput method for identifying quorum quenching bacteria. Sci Rep 2013;3:2935.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Zhong Q-C, Hornik T. Control of Power Inverters in Renewable Energy and Smart Grid Integration. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2012.

An edited book

[1]

Rahman S, Primiero G, Marion M, editors. The Realism-Antirealism Debate in the Age of Alternative Logics. vol. 23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Campise-Luther RJ, Diaz CD. Pediatric Patients: Do Not Resuscitate Decisions. In: Jericho BG, editor. Ethical Issues in Anesthesiology and Surgery, Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015, p. 59–66.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Biofilm.

Blog post

[1]

Luntz S. Boy Gets Ears Made From His Ribs. IFLScience 2014. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/boy-gets-ears-made-his-ribs/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Individuals With Disabilities Education Act: School Districts’ Response to Regulatory Deadline. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1998.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Kantar L. Clinical judgment among new nursing graduates: A multiple-case study. Doctoral dissertation. University of Phoenix, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

McKINLEY JC Jr, Baker AL. Quest for New Life Ends in Tangle of Gang Ties. New York Times 2016:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Biofilm
ISSN (print)	2590-2075
Scope